Abstract This paper explains that risk perception examines the opinions of people when asked to evaluate hazardous activities, substances and technologies, which helps policy-makers by improving communication between them and the public, by directing educational effort and by predicting public responses to new technologies, events and new risk management strategies. The author points out that the fields that have the most important influence in evaluating risk perception are (1) geography because of the recent broadening of focus on technological hazards, (2) sociology and anthropology because risk perception is influenced by friends, family and co-workers, and (3) psychology because of the use of psycho-physical scaling and multivariate analysis techniques to produce quantitative representations or'cognitive maps' of risk attitudes and perceptions, which demonstrate that every hazard has a unique pattern of qualities related to its perceived risk. The paper states that, for the last 30 years, instead of asking how to prevent lead poisoning, the medical community has taken a risk assessment approach, asking, "How much lead is safe for industry to put into children?"
From the Paper "The present 'risk balance' situation also does not appear to differentiate between different sorts of risk. For example, a one in 1000 risk imposed on someone is different to a one in 1000 risk accepted by someone. It is often the case that the risk from using a chemical, say, is borne by the population as a whole, whereas the benefits accrue only to a minority. This is inequitable, and a new focus in risk - allowing a product on the market only if it passes a criterion of 'social need' for example, would ensure that inequitable distributions of costs and benefits were reduced."
The paper explains the factors and issues that contribute to poverty in America. Using up-to-date figures, it details the many reasons why so many children are living in poverty and how that affects their lives in areas such as education and family life.
Abstract This paper details how poverty in America is a never ending problem, where currently 40% of all U.S. children are at risk. The author explains who there are several risk factors raise the risk level such as single parent homes, lack of education, ethnic backgrounds and low income levels. This paper examines these and other risk factors and proposes solutions that can help break the cycle of poverty.
From the Paper "Despite being the wealthiest and most powerful nation on Earth, the United States has a poverty rate that is two to three times greater than other advanced industrial nations. According to the US Census Bureau, 37% of all children in America live in low-income households, and 13.8% live in poverty. Today 15 million children in the United States live below the poverty line. Every day more than 2,600 children are born into poverty with 27 dying as a direct result of it. The bureau also contends that one in five children under the age of three live in a state of poverty. Over 2.1 million children who are poor face the likelihood of impaired development both mentally and physically, as food may not be readily available. Roughly 25% of all minors go hungry or run the risk of being hungry in poor tenements."
Abstract This thesis focus looks at the correlation between child abuse and childhood depression among Latino children, in terms of whether child abuse contributes to childhood depression. The thesis focuses on the Latino community that resides in California. This community is made up of first-generation immigrants and their families, who have been born in the United States. The thesis explores what child abuse is, how it can be measured, and also what depression is, the most likely causes for depression, and how depression can be measured. The factors that contribute to all of these conditions within the Latino community are also discussed in terms of what cultural factors are important in determining the levels of these conditions within the community, both internally (i.e., culturally) and externally (i.e., socio-politically). The links between abuse (intrafamilial and inter-racial) and depression are then explored, and conclusions are drawn regarding the factors that contribute to childhood depression in this racial group within the United States.
Introduction
Problem Statement
Significance
Purpose
Latino's in the US: Characteristics and Diagnosed Mental Health Needs
Need for Mental Health Care
High-Need Populations
Availability of Mental Health Services
Access to Mental Health Services
Use of Mental Health Services
Appropriateness and Outcomes of Mental Health Services
Latino's in Society: Welfare and Minority Families
Legislative and Legal Advocacy of Latino Families
The Formalization of Informal Latino Family Supports
Child Abuse
What is Abuse?
Incidence of Child Abuse
Diagnosing Abuse
The Dimension of the Problem
Prevalence Studies
Rate of Child Abuse Increase
Potential Long-Term Effects of Abuse
Depression
Scope of the Problem
Clinical Characteristics
Risk Factors
What is Depression?
Depression in Children Treatments for Childhood Depression
Latino's and Depression: How is Depression Expressed?
Levels of Depression in the Latino Community
Risk Factors that May Contribute to Clinical Depression
Implications in the Latino Community
Single Parents
Lack of Resources
Discussion
From the Paper "The Latino community has it's own deeply embedded cultural values and beliefs. Obedience is an important element for a family to be considered a good family (una buena familia). For the purpose of this study, the parents may be mother and father, or possible the grandparents, all of which will be addressed as the primary caregiver.
The Latino family defines discipline as a form of corporal punishment; the caretakers themselves may have been abused as children, and therefore consider corporal punishment an acceptable way to hand out discipline. Furthermore, it is difficult to get caretakers to see that when they discipline a child with corporal punishment, they are discharging their own anger on them, in many cases inflicting more pain and injury than was originally intended. The child then feels powerless and confused, and does not have labels for those feelings, and cannot verbalize what is happening to them, physically or emotionally."
Tags: treatment, risk, health, care, psychology, punishment, discipline
Abstract This paper presents current research on the subject of what conditions 'at risk' children endure. The paper examines the much-surveyed, much-speculated-upon notion that some children are empowered with an innate ability to be resilient. This resiliency is comprehensively explored. The paper suggests what schools and other institutions can do to offer empowering tools for children at risk.
Table of Contents
Thesis Statement
Introduction
Defining Childhood Resilience
How Many American Children are Abused?
Definition of Child Abuse
Analysis of the Resiliency Theory
Literature on Resiliency in Children Conclusion
References
From the Paper "One of the "negative experiences" which young children often must endure - and be affected by - is the divorce of parents. In the book, The Causes of Exclusion (Cullingford, 1999), the author explains that "the children of divorced parents are likely to have lower qualifications," probably can expect to have "more difficult relationships," are more likely to become future "single parents" - and may well be divorced themselves. And so, while the child of a divorce is perhaps not as traumatized as, say, a child who has been violently abused by a parent, the need for outside support systems which can lead to that child's power of resilience are nonetheless apparent. "
Abstract A comprehensive analysis of the legality of parents denying their children access to health care on the basis of their involvement in a "faith healing" religion such as Christian Science or Faith Tabernacle. The paper explains that for some residents of the United States, traditional medicine is not religiously acceptable in the face of sickness. On the contrary, these residents are so strongly against medicine that they will not even allow their children to see a doctor if they suffer from life threatening illnesses. It discusses how many followers of these religions are denying the use of traditional medicine and joining a movement that shies from what society considers the norm for treating sickness by putting their belief in God's ability to heal their family's illnesses. The paper argues however, that parents' religious convictions about the disuse of any type of medicine for their children should not be allowed as a legal means of denying their children this medicine because these convictions often cause the needless deaths and suffering of many children whom medical care would have helped.
From the Paper "For centuries America has debated to what extent church and state should be separated. More recently the argument about the disuse of medical treatment for religious reasons and the resulting deaths of the children of certain religious organization's followers has arisen. Since the seventeenth century when settlers came to America to escape religious persecution and seek religious freedom, the issue of separation of church and state has been in debate (Council 1). However, not all religions were given equal rights before the Bill of Rights was created: in Boston anyone preaching outside the established church could be fined or banned from the settlement (Weiss 11). Also, in areas that practiced South Anglicanism, those who spoke out against the Christian faith were sentenced to death (Weiss 11). However, the first amendment to the American Bill of Rights, which was passed in September of 1789, changed these discriminatory practices on a federal level and caused less religious discrimination to occur (Weiss 31). This amendment states: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof" (Bartlett 3). This amendment did not, however, guarantee the protection of United States citizens from state religious discrimination; but the fourteenth amendment, which was passed at a later date, did (Weiss 32). Opponents for and against parents' rights to deny their child medical care based on religious convictions are eager to solve the question of the relationship of church and state and the necessity of parents to obtain medical care as required by state governments. This issue has thus become a pressing argument that must be solved quickly because many children's lives are at stake."
Abstract This paper examines the forced evacuation in Britain during World War II of children, elderly, and chronically ill people to safe harbors to protect them from the bombings and gas attacks feared to hit populated areas, especially London. The author relates that British children, sent to live in the countryside and in British dominions, were separated from their families, failed to receive proper medical attention and schooling, and lived in often unsuitable and rural accommodations. The paper points out that, while the evacuations could be seen as a success in their protection of the British children at risk during the war, the causative effects of the relocations stressed the children, their families, the foster families, and communities who took them in and the government responsible for putting the plan in action.
From the Paper "Complaints stemming from the evacuations arose from the villagers and townspeople receiving the children, as well. The occurrences of misbehavior by the fostered children were common, especially as they often brought with them attitudes and practices more consistent with city living. It was noted that an increase in petty crime occurred during the time span when the city children populated the rural areas of Britain. Thus, problems with adjustment were realized on both sides."
Abstract This paper examines a number of issues involving the poverty of children in the UK. First, the author examines statistics of poverty and its immediate consequences. Then the paper points out possible long-term consequences of children raised in poverty, such as health and education. Also considered are the causes of poverty. A study of the city of Derry and its children living in poverty is a focal point of the paper. The paper concludes citing the growing gap between those with viable incomes and those living in dire circumstances.
From the Paper "According to the Government, joblessness is the primary cause of poverty, thus helping people into the employment arena is central to its anti-poverty strategy (Tackling). Rather than targeting unemployment, the Government has targeted "joblessness,' with policies designed "not to create shops, but to influence who gets them and how well off people will be in work" (Tackling). The two key themes in the Government's active labor market policy are individualization of support to help people into work and the use of compulsion (Tackling). However, the Government has "introduced the toughest benefit penalties ever faced by unemployed people, and the extension of compulsion could distort an undermine the effectiveness of employment services" (Tackling). "
Abstract Discusses the problem of abuse of school age children. Reviews the historical background. Examines the scope of the problem. Factors that place children at risk for physical abuse. Proposes three health promotion strategies to prevent abuse., including family therapy, anger management, child development. Presents research to support each strategy. Abstract.
From the Paper "ABSTRACT
This paper examined the problem of physical abuse in school-age children. The paper began with a brief historical description of the problem, noting that it was not really until the later part of this century that the problem was fully recognized.
This review of the historical background of the problem was followed by an examination of the scope of the problem, the psychoemotional and physical effects of the problem, an epidemiological discussion, and a delineation of several factors that place children at risk for physical abuse. The problem was shown to be both substantial and complex in nature.
The second section of the paper proposed three health promotion strategies for remediating the problem of physical abuse in childhood. These strategies were: (1) a primary prevention screening ..."
Abstract This paper investigates the influence that playing video games may have on children. It cites several studies that have been carried out on this subject and includes information, graphs and images connected to brain activity patterns. The author of this paper has also included recommendations from experts in the field, that parents, teachers and other adults monitor the time children spend playing video games, as well as the content of games.
Outline:
"It" Depends . . .
Contemporary Conflicting Consensuses
Causes Contributing to "It"
"It"
Kill-ology?
A Video Game Player's Brain
Positive Proponents Pointed Out
Trouble?
Father's Absence
A Repeated Theme
From the Paper "In the study conducted during 1999, by the Media Analysis Laboratory at Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Columbia, entitled "Video Game Culture: Leisure and Play Preferences of B.C. Teens," the video game industry earned 10 times the amount of children's television production: 30% of the U.S. toy market of $8.8 billion; larger than Hollywood's box office gross ($5.2 billion). ("Technology: Violence and Video Games," 1999, p. 173) According to Reuters (2007), "For 2006, PwC's preliminary estimates are for the U.S. gaming market to have expanded 10.6% to $9 billion."
Abstract In this article, the writer illustrates that the group most affected by scalds in Australia are children under the age of four years. Further, the writer notes that boys are almost twice as likely to sustain scalds than girls. The writer discusses that each year in Australia an average of 1800 children suffer scald burns requiring admission to hospital. The writer also looks at the different types of injuries caused by scalds. Finally, the writer looks at the prevention of such child injuries and concludes that scald burns are preventable and are far more preferable to prevent them than it is to treat them.
This paper includes color charts.
Outline:
Types of Scald Injuries
Hot Tap Water Scalds
Scalds Occurring In The Kitchen
Who Is Affected?
Prevention
Summary/Recommendations
From the Paper "One of the ways the community addresses the problem is by educating parents and caregivers by means such as advertising, brochures, factsheets and other health promotion campaigns. These campaigns recommend measures such as safety with hot drinks, safety in the kitchen - such as keeping kettles, jugs and teapots away from the edge of benches and tables, using cordless kettles, installing stove guards and turning handles inwards towards the back of stove, also using the back burners on stoves.
"Hot tap water scalds can be avoided by running the cold water tap before immersing a young child in a bath and not leaving young children alone whilst they are bathing."
An overview of the Women, Infants and Children Program, a program that provides nutritious foods, nutrition counseling and referrals to health and other social services to participants at no charge.
Abstract This paper describes the role and function of the Women, Infants and Children Program (WIC) as well as its history, purpose, scope and mission. The paper further describes the structure of the organization, how it is funded and markets itself, state staffing standards and the success of the program.
Table of Contents
History
Purpose and Scope
Mission
Structure
Funding
Marketing
Personnel
Future of the Resource
Utility of the Resource
From the Paper "WIC is not an entitlement program; that is, congress does not set aside funds to allow every eligible individual to participate in the program. Instead, WIC is a Federal Grant program for which Congress authorizes a specific amount of funding each year for program operations. The Food and Nutrition Services, which administers the program at the Federal level, provides these funds to WIC State agencies (State health departments or comparable agencies) to pay for WIC foods, nutrition counseling and education, and administrative costs."
Abstract The proposed study examines whether the academic achievement of a sample of 10 to 13 year old, autistic children can be significantly improved through cooperative learning techniques.
Abstract The paper shows that risk-taking is something common in all of us, but the degree to which it actually motivates us, may vary from person to person. The paper explains that people take risks for different reasons: Sometimes we are simply motivated by thrill of the unknown attached with risk-taking, sometimes we take a chance just to appear different and non-conforming and yet at other times we take risks because we just have to. The paper thus divides risks into three broad categories: Responsible, calculated risks; Risks for fun and irresponsible, harmful risks.
From the Paper "A study conducted by Beaty et al. (1996) explored the experiences of 23 female risk-takers in a city jail and discovered much to their chagrin that, ?Maintaining sexual relationships with men and obtaining drugs were higher priorities for most women than protection against HIV disease.? (Beaty et al., 1996) No wonder these women ended up in prison. Men and women, who lead a high-risk life where they frequently take negative irresponsible chances, end up ruining their lives. In our intimate relationships, we may often go for unprotected sex either to experience the thrill of it or simply because we are afraid to ask our partner to use condoms. Women in Beaty study are good examples of negative risk-taking and its disastrous consequences. Upon exploration of their sex life, it was discovered that these women were using sex as a tool to maintain intimate connection with their partner."
Abstract This paper describes the business of membership consumer warehouses. The author examines risks four key areas regarding the international expansion of this membership warehouse chain: Political risks, exchange risks, market risks and distribution risks. The paper concludes that the company needs to use a combination of consumer education and strategic expansion.
From the Paper Membership consumer warehouses are popular in the United States for offering low prices and high value meaning that the quality of the goods and services offered at these retailers is acceptable to consumers. These stores differ from traditional retail in that fewer amenities are provided but they also offer a wider variety of goods and services than are traditionally available in a retail environment. Expanding across Europe offers significant market potential for these types of companies particularly in light of the ..."
Tags:risk analysis, ABC company, political risks, exchange risks, market risks, distribution risks
Abstract This paper discusses the Ontario Financing Authority's (OFA) financial risk management program. Various risks are discussed and analyzed including liquidity risks, foreign currency exchange rate risks, debt maturity rate risks, and interest rate risks. The writer points out that in order to mitigate the financial risks inherent in a large and diversified debt portfolio, it is important for the province to maintain prudent risk management policies and practices.
