Abstract
This paper includes an extensive literature review of the role of trauma in the development of BPD, along with a clinical case study of a girl with BPD, and a transcript of an actual conversation between therapist and patient. BPD is characterized by a combination of impulsive, emotional, and cognitive deficits in personality functioning. The disorder seems to develop as a result of early childhood trauma, especially traumatic experiences related to parental neglect and abuse. Children who are classified as being highly abused tend to have greater tendencies toward developing BPD than non-abused children. This paper explores the association between childhood trauma and the development of borderline personality disorder in adult females.

From the Paper
"Borderline Personality Disorder is characterized by an array of symptoms that are most prevalent in females. According to the DSM-IV, BPD is defined as: A pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following: 1. Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment 2. A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation. 3. Identity disturbance: markedly and persistently unstable self-image or sense of self. 4. Impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging (e.g., spending, sex, substance abuse, reckless driving, binge eating). 5. Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or threats, or self-mutilating behavior. 6. Affective instability due to a marked reactivity of mood (e.g., intense episodic dysphoria, irritability, or anxiety usually lasting a few hours and only rarely more than a few days). 7. Chronic feelings of emptiness. 8. Inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger (e.g., frequent displays of temper, constant anger, recurrent physical fights). 9. Transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms. (American Psychiatric Association, 1995) "

Tags:abuse, adolescent, bpd, case, depression, emotional, females, instability, literature, neglect, review, study, therapy, women

Abstract
The early childhood years are universally recognized as being a critically important developmental period for human beings, and when normal patterns of parental caregiving and nurturing are disrupted or when children experience abuse at the hands of others, the consequences can be profound, pervasive and even life-threatening. This literature review examines the relationship between childhood sexual abuse, dissociation and self-destructive behavior. The studies are grouped according to those studies concerning childhood sexual abuse and dissociation, those that concern childhood sexual abuse and various self-destructive behaviors, and those that investigate the relationship between all three factors.

Outline:
Introduction
Studies Concerning Childhood Sexual Abuse and Dissociation
Studies Concerning Childhood Sexual Abuse and Self-Destructive Behaviors
Studies Examining All Three Variables

From the Paper
"When families experience the trauma of sexual abuse, the processes by which these multiple and competing reactions on the part of the parent and the child tend to interfere with the normal processes that provide families with the means to achieve healthy functioning following such episodes of abuse. In this regard, Silberg (2004) reports that when children are sexually abused, there will be a natural tendency to engage in a number of emotional responses that may compete for primacy, including a desire for secrecy, individual victimization memories and sexual experiences, and confused and mixed emotions in the child and the parent. According to this researcher, "This is likely to be the case whether the conflicting feelings are a result of abuse within the family or from maltreatment by an individual outside of the family. In either case, these competing processes lead to dissociative manifestations, forgetting, and inability to make adequate meaning out of the feelings, perceptions, and ideas stimulated by the sexual abuse" (Silberg, 2004, p. 490). "

Tags:trauma, maltreatment, victim

Abstract
This paper examines literature concerning the differences between the treatment and view of children in southern-based settings and the treatment and view of children in western, northern-based settings. The paper also discusses the methodology through which cultures justify and define the rights and "best interests" of children, and the ways in which the dynamics of child-adult relationships are identified and categorized.

Erica Burman: Appealing and Appalling Children,
Psychoanalytic Studies, 1999
Chris Jenks: Childhood 1996
Erica Burman: The Abnormal Distribution of Development:
Policies for Southern women and children; Gender Place & Culture:
A Journal of Feminist Geography 1995:
B. Rwezaura: The Concept of the Child's Best Interests
in the Changing Economic and Social Context of Sub-Saharan
Africa (in The Best Interests of the Child, Philip Alston)
Allison James: Childhood Identities: Self and Social Relationships
in the Experience of the Child 1993:
Michael Freeman: The Moral Status of Children: Essays on the
Rights of the Child 1997:
Martin Woodhead: "Psychology and the Cultural Construction of
Children's Needs" (in Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood:
Contemporary Issues in the Sociological Study of Childhood) 1997:
Abdullahi An-Na'Im: "Cultural Transformation and Normative
Consensus on the Best Interests of the Child" (in The Best
Interests of the Child) 1994:

From the Paper
"Meantime, the world is changing rapidly for some children, notably in the north, though the ongoing - and often positive, forward-leaning - dynamics of market globalization, high-speed information and communication systems, and more; but for many millions of children in the south, the world stays pretty much the same. For those southern children, it is, unfortunately, all about survival. If enlightened leadership in the north and south can carefully construct better approaches through progressive and pragmatic models - not just degrees and "conventions" through the United Nations, but real, tangible formulae - for positive plans that improve futures for children universally, the world will be a safer, richer, more peaceful place in which to live and grow up."

Tags:perceptions, interaction, babies, happiness, innocence, freedom, nurturing, dependency

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that living with a chronic mental illness or problem can be exceedingly difficult, and those that struggle with dissociation often experience many of the same problems. The writer points out that the basic assumptions of the psychiatric model are inconsistent with nursing practice, and therefore nurses who are asked to treat those who have chronic mental, behavioral, or emotional problems often have a great deal of difficulty adjusting their feelings and beliefs about what the patient should be treated for to fit in with the guidelines proposed by this model, which can cause disagreements and issues between doctors, patients, and families. A critique of the psychiatric medical model shows that this particular model views emotional problems that stem from abuse and other issues as though they were diseases. The writer then provides a review of related literature and looks at various related assumptions in this regard.


Outline:
Studies Involving Childhood Sexual Abuse and Dissociation
Studies Involving Childhood Sexual Abuse and Self-Destructive Behavior
Studies Examining all Three Variables
Bibliography

From the Paper
"Because the diagnostic tests for mental and emotional issues are so rigid and strict, the whole person is not examined. The lack of flexibility creates a restricted view of the individual who has come to seek help, and the process of giving patients these diagnostic tests becomes not one of helping them, but rather of classifying them into a specific category. While it is acknowledged that it is important to attempt to find what is 'wrong' with these individuals in order to treat them in the most appropriate way, individuals must be studied and classified on an individual basis. No two people who act the same way are exactly alike, and the diagnostic tests make it far too easy to assign someone to a category without really understanding the depth and nature of their problems."

Tags:mental, emotional, problems, diagnosis

Abstract
This paper examines childhood amnesia and proposes an experimental method for testing it. It includes a literature review of relevant articles. It also includes an outline of an experiment to examine the 2:6 line in early childhood memory and expected results or hypotheses.

Abstract
"Salvador Late or Early" and "Mericans", both written by Sandra Cisneros, are stories that illustrate childhood experiences, narrated directly from the point of view of a child. This paper explains that despite all the similarities and differences, both situations in the stories can be combined to explain the same cultural situation. Both stories share elements of happiness, confusion and pain, and are intertwined with vivid descriptions from a child's eyes to describe objects and scenes to the reader. The paper concludes that both stories have themes of hope, belief and recognition.

From the Paper
"In Salvador Late or Early, Salvador is a small, quiet boy who has no friends and comes from a very poor neighborhood, where "homes are the color of bad weather (Cisneros, 10)." Salvador's mother "is busy with the business of the baby (Cisneros, 10)" so it is his responsibility to get his two younger brothers ready for school, "feeds them milk and cornflakes from a tin cup (Cisneros, 10)," and "collects the hands of Cecilio and Arturito (Cisneros, 11)." All three of these statements illustrate Salvador's feelings of pain, confusion and maybe hope that things will be different in his life one day. Salvador is described as having "eyes the color of caterpillar (Cisneros, 10)," and his feelings as "its history of hurt (Cisneros, 10)." Salvador is not described in a very positive or flattering way, almost as though the he was a boy in the writer's class whom she did not like. This describes pain once again. In another example, Salvador's appearance is described as the "forty pound body of boy with the geography of scars." His pain is described are described as "in what part of the heart, in that cage of the chest where something throbs with both fists (Cisneros, 11)." Even though she did not like him, it seems as though the writer almost felt sorry for Salvador, in the way that she describes his poor living conditions, as "lives behind a raw wood doorway (Cisneros, 10)," and "in that vague direction (Cisneros, 10)." She may not have liked him because he was no one's friend and he was "Salvador whose name the teacher cannot remember (Cisneros, 10)." Salvador probably felt confusion as well, as there were no images of happiness that involved him."

Tags:happiness, confusion, spanish

Abstract
This work discusses the subject of child sexual abuse (CSA) and serves as a review of literature, specifically one particular piece that deals with child sexual abuse. The literature is a contemporary research article involving the reporting of CSA and work ability and functioning as an adult. The work will briefly introduce the concepts of CSA and its controversies and commonalities and will then move on to review S. J. Lee and R.M. Tolman's 2006 article "Childhood Sexual Abuse and Adult Work Outcomes".

From the Paper
"The development of tougher laws and responsibilities regarding the incidence of child sexual abuse has often been associated with an evolution in the ideas of the potential and real long term effects of child sexual abuse on victim survivors. (Najman, Dunne, Purdie, Boyle & Coxeter, 2005, p. 517) For many years there has been a research movement that attempted to demonstrate long lasting negative effects of CSA among adult survivors of CSA, to both underscore and under gird the need for tougher laws, greater enforcement and increased responsibility for reporting among professionals. In general the law has begun to demonstrate a zero tolerance policy regarding CSA and has increased and leveled out the sentencing of convicted offenders, through minimum mandatory sentencing. (Cassell, 2004, p. 1017) Changes in public opinion regarding CSA have had a significant impact on incidence reporting which in all accords has increased, creating a sense that incidence has increased substantially in the last 30 or so years. The claim that CSA has increased in incidence is therefore an unknown element of modern life, as we do not know if it has increased, decreased or leveled out at a norm, as reporting has spiked incidence to relatively epidemic like levels. (Bolen, 2003, p. 174) What we do know is that reports are increasing in number and that CSA occurs and it occurs frequently."

Tags:individual, experiences, sexuality

Abstract
This paper relates that the General Affective Aggression Model (GAAM) is one of the leading theories in the field of aggression, which argues that exposure to violent video games can increase short-term aggression (20 minutes following exposure to a video game) over long periods of time. The author states that the experimental hypothesis is that children who play violent video games are more likely to be more aggressive on the playground. The paper describes a research design with three experimental groups consisting of randomly selected 8 to 10-year-old boys and girls. The experimental group plays a violent video game (e.g., Kung Fu), one control group plays a non-violent video game (e.g., Ms. Pac Man) and another control group will consist of children that did not play a video game.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Literature Review
Proposed Study
Methods and Statistical Analysis
Participation
Design and Procedures
Discussion
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Certainly, the literature available notes several limitations on this type of study. One important constraint is that this experimental design does not allow researchers to determine the effect of video game violence in a 'real' or 'playful' environment. Goldstein notes that voluntary exposure to violent video games may have a different effect than enforced exposure on aggression. In the lab, video games are not entered into in a playful frame of mind, as they are in the 'real' world. However, the need for a controlled, experimental situation in this experiment makes such a distinction difficult."

Tags:play, experiment, control, correlational, affective

Abstract
Childhood is often defined as a state of vulnerability in which children require the guidance and nurturance of a family. At the same time, however, it may also be argued that childhood is a time in which children are exploring the world independently, and learning about new things in their own ways. This paper will explore how this dual aspect of the experience of childhood can be found in two classic works of children's literature - The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and Anne of Green Gables - in which family is represented as much by its absence as by its presence. As will be seen, in both works the parents are notably absent, with their absence being filled, in complex ways, by other figures in the texts. Thus, it may be said that in both works a form of family exists - with nurturing, protective elders and independent children - that allows the child characters a range of experience that would have been impossible had they simply been part of a traditional family unit.

From the Paper
The Concept of Family and its Absence in Anne of Green Gables and The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe Childhood is often defined as a state of vulnerability in which children require the guidance and nurturance of a family. At the same time, however, it may also be argued that childhood is a time in which children are exploring the world independently, and learning about new things in their own ways. This paper will explore how this dual aspect of the experience of childhood can be found in two classic works of children's literature - The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and Anne of Green Gables

Tags:green gables, anne, lewis

Abstract
Famous writers throughout history have framed their social criticisms as satires. Jonathan Swift lampooned Britain?s Irish policy in "A Modest Proposal", while Voltaire satirized the whole of society in works such as "Candide". This paper examines these works and others to show the importance of satire, from childhood stories such as "Aesop's Fables", nursery rhymes, television shows such as "The Simpsons" and more.

From the Paper
"Just as Jonathan Swift created an outlandish response to a very real situation in order to get across his point, so Voltaire created an entirely fictitious parallel world in his Candide. I say "parallel" world, because this account of the life of Candide's eponymous main character is mingled with real-life events, and is set, ostensibly, in the real world of the late Seventeenth, and Early Eighteenth Centuries. Candide's life story is itself the satire. All of Candide's adventures, his associates, and even his dreams and aspirations serve to poke fun of Votlaire's world and of the larger human condition. Candide finds fabulous wealth in the New World, only to lose it in a shipwreck."

Tags:The, Ant, and, the, Grasshopper, La, Fontaine, Springfield