Abstract
The writer of this in-depth paper details the effects of divorce on children of various ages, while focusing in particular on middle childhood. This paper introduces the topic and discusses the findings of current research regarding this particular issue, as well as the conclusions that stem from this research. This paper discusses the issues of juvenile delinquency and depression which have been proven to be more pronounced in single-parent families. This paper delves into custody issues, including the problems that arise when children are separated from the same-sex parent. The writer contends and proves why juvenile delinquency is greater in children that are separated from the opposite-sex parent. This well-researched paper also analyzes the issues of maladjustment, fears of abandonment and the risk of mental health issues that develop in the child during and after the divorce proceedings, which must be dealt with accordingly. This paper looks at the emotional problems as well as the long-term effects of divorce, which include difficulty in cultivating long-lasting, appropriate relationships and continuous educational problems.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Findings
Conclusion
Bibliography

From the Paper
"When children become wild and hard to control, parents are often at a loss as to how to help them. It is difficult enough to control a wild, unruly teenager when there are two parents in the house, but much more difficult when there is only one parent. To compound the problem, that single parent often works two jobs or long hours to provide food, clothing, and shelter for himself or herself and the children. This absence from the house can allow the child too much unsupervised free time in which to experiment with new and dangerous things that can get them in trouble with parents, the law, or worse. On the other side of the equation are the reclusive children."

Tags:divorce, therapy, education, depression, delinquency, emotional, mental, health, parenting, custody

Abstract
The paper reveals that both male and female children exhibit greater issues of personal psychological dysfunction and social maladaption attributable to absent fathers. The paper looks at research that specifically shows how fatherless male adolescents exhibit substantially higher rates of delinquency, alcoholism, illegal activity, and perform worse academically. The paper also discusses how female children are predisposed to negative expectations or to unrealistic idealized expectations in their dating relationships with men.

Outline:
Introduction
Single Parenthood and Child Development
The Importance of Fatherhood for Male Children
The Importance of Fatherhood for Female Children
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Regardless of specific psychological perspective, the absence of either parent during a child's formative years typically has significant developmental implications. To a certain extent, this is true whether it is the mother or the father who is absent from a child's life, but more particularly, there are different issues typically associated with the loss (or unavailability) of the father that are substantially different from those associated with the loss (or unavailability) of the mother. Boys rely on their fathers to model various elements of male behavior; for girls, the relationship with their father often establishes aspects of their future social expectations of males and their patterns of intimacy in relationships with men in adulthood. To a large extent, the psychological effects of absent fathers on children depends on the specific reason and manner in which the child loses contact with the father, but generally, it is unlikely for fatherless children to remain completely unaffected by the loss."

Tags:delinquency, alcoholism, depression, dating, intimacy, relationships

Abstract
This paper looks at how juvenile delinquency is linked to the families the offenders come from. Links are examined in regards to the abuse of children during childhood, low levels of family affection and high levels of family conflict, the use of ineffective or inconsistent disciplinary practices and the structure of the family.

From the Paper
"The first and most obvious cause in the family is most probably the lack of parental affection or parental rejection. This happens mostly in families whereby the parents are very busy, broken homes or those where arguments are part of a daily routine. Cernkovich and Giordano (1987) found that ?delinquent behavior in a large sample of high-school students was associated with parent-adolescent conflict, low parental acceptance and low parental caring and trust.? Children that feel rejected or unloved may sometimes find ways to attract attention. The ways children do so varies from just crying all day long or calling their parents every single second, to committing crimes. This is why some children of rejecting parents display aggressive behavior. Interactions between parents and child are also important to prevent the child from feeling rejected. J. Pincus said, ?Parenting that promotes interpersonal and communicative relations, academic and professional skills, as well as encourages the development of normative values and positive behavioral standards in children.? This positive interaction between parent and child is important in establishing a strong bond and the formation of appropriate behavioral characteristics in children."

Tags:delinquency, juvenile

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that factors which contribute to inter-generational child abuse include a parent's own negative childhood experiences as a victim of abuse, the immaturity of parents, lack of parenting skills, unrealistic expectations about children's behavior and capabilities, social isolation, frequent family crises and drug or alcohol problems. The writer maintains that as cycle of violence theorists contend, a combination of these factors can trigger child abuse, and once it begins it can be perpetuated through inter-generational transmission.

From the Paper
"Define and explain the "cycle of violence" hypothesis as it relates to the inter-generational transmission of mistreating children. Cycle of violence factors which contribute to inter-generational child abuse include a parent's own negative childhood experiences as a victim of abuse, the immaturity of parents, lack of parenting skills, unrealistic expectations about children's behavior and capabilities, social isolation, frequent family crises, and drug or alcohol problems."

Tags:families, crime, delinquency

Abstract
The paper aims to identify some of the financial, physical, social and emotional risks to children in substance abusing environments. The paper explores the impact of parental addiction on future delinquency and some interventions that are implemented to intercept or prevent these experiences for children and families. The paper emphasizes that parents have a tremendous task in warding off social and emotional factors that lead to delinquency.

Outline:
Exploring Childhood Experiences in Substance Abusing Environments
Intervention Strategies in Addictive Homes
Learned Delinquency
Creating Change

From the Paper
"Several factors in a child's life contribute to future delinquency. Those most widely discussed are family dynamics and parenting, peer relationships, and personality traits. Parental substance abuse infiltrates each of these domains as it alters how the family unit functions, how children interact socially and establish peer relations, and how a child's sense of self, subsequent behaviors, and emotional wellness evolve. Although parental substance abuse also may result in prenatal syndromes such as Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Effect, which impact cognitive function and decision making, these issues are beyond the scope of this discussion."

Tags:drugs, violence, deviance, isolation, neglect, interventions

Abstract
The paper discusses juvenile delinquency which is now considered a different status for young people both socially and legally. The paper further discusses how childhood and adolescence exist as separate and distinct stages of life, unique from other stages. The writer examines scientific methods of studying crime and delinquency and the progress the courts have made in distinguishing vagrant and pauper children from criminal children. The paper further examines Charles Cooley's publication, analyzing the personal perception of juvenile delinquents, by studying children and their imaginary friends.

From the Paper
"The sociologists indicate the juvenile delinquency to be a status determined both by age and behavior. Presently, it is clear that the childhood and adolescence exist as separate and distinct stages of life unique from other stages. However, the discovery of childhood and adolescence as distinct stages of life was very slow and was not complete until the Enlightenment, when Rousseau's idea of developmental stages confined a growing awareness of age distinctions across the course of life. Such recognition of developmental stages and differentiation based on age had significant impact for the framework of family life, for child rearing, for education."

Tags:behavior, parent, Rousseau, developmental, stages

Abstract
The paper identifies some of the financial, physical, social and emotional risks to children in environments of parental substance abuse and addiction. The paper explores the real impact of these risks on future delinquency and looks at some interventions that are implemented to intercept or prevent these experiences for children and families. The paper also shows how parents have a tremendous responsibility in warding off social and emotional factors that lead to delinquency.

Outline:
Exploring Childhood Experiences in Substance Abusing Environments
Intervention Strategies in Addictive Homes
Learned Delinquency
Creating Change

From the Paper
"Parental addiction has three distinct developmental costs for children: first, is the loss of emotional and behavioral predictability (Chambers, 2005). Addicted parents exhibit poor judgment and impaired thinking. Their lifestyles are characterized by ongoing disputes, disruption, dissolution, brief reconciliations and overall continual transition, which confuse and disappoint children. Most children in these environments witness violence from modeled aggression (Jablonska, & Lindberg, 2007). Such bantering leaves both parents unavailable for children. Their behaviors towards their children are distant, strict, and with little or no supervision. As a result children receive scant support, affection, and direction (Ali, & Munaf, 2006)."

Tags:children, violence, rejection, abuse, neglect, crime, isolation, drugs, interventions

Abstract
Adolescence is a term that defines the life interval between childhood and adulthood. This paper analyzes the main reasons why experts feel there is a wide range of juvenile delinquency in America today and why it is on the increase. It looks at biological reasons as well as temperament theories. It also takes into account the nation's drug problem.

From the Paper
"According to Linda Gordon's study or sexual abuse, or incest, from 1880-1930 10 percent of case records from the Boston child-protection agency were for incest. About 98 percent of these cases involved father-daughter, and had a common pattern: the family relations made the daughter victim into second wives. What Gordon meant by this is that the daughter would take over many of the roles the mother played, like cooking, cleaning, and childcare for her younger siblings. Even though many of these adolescent girls lived in these strict environments, many of them sought escape and from there victimization, loitering on the streets where their low self-esteem made them easily exploitable. "

Tags:adhd, crime, drugs, schools, violence

Abstract
This paper explains that the children of addicted parents are at a much higher risk of continuing anti-social behavior and chemical dependency than those from non-abusing families. It is also suggested that there is a need for more research to investigate and compare juvenile delinquents from homes of substance-abusing families with those who come from non-substance-abusing environments. The writer concludes that there is need for specialized intervention services that offer offenders help to deal with their childhood experiences .

From the Paper
"Every year in the United States, approximately 2.3 million persons under the age of eighteen are arrested by police and many more cases go unreported by citizens or unfounded by police (Juvenile Pp). The majority of juvenile crime is increasingly committed at younger ages and frequently marked by brutality and gratuitous violence (Juvenile Pp). During the last fifteen years, the number of juvenile offenders under the age of 15 increased by 94 percent. Juvenile crimes include assault, carrying a weapon, murder, robbery, auto theft, arson, vandalism, burglary and rape (Juvenile Pp)."

Tags:abuse, crime, substance

Abstract
The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate unresolved grief in children ages 7-11 years, an age range that corresponds to Piaget's concrete operational stage, due to the death of a parent(s) and if and or how it manifests into delinquent behavior. To this end, this dissertation employs a historical-comparative methodology to answer the guiding research questions. The dissertation is guided by the following specific research questions: 1.What is the incidence of juvenile delinquency among children who have experienced the loss or one or both parents during Piaget's concrete operational stage, ages 7-11 years? 2. What treatment interventions have been proven effective in helping children resolve the grief associated with the loss of one or both parents? 3. Are there cultural, gender and socioeconomic differences among children that affect their coping abilities? 4. What specific differences exist between adults and children in terms of coping skills and how can clinicians use this information to facilitate grief resolution?

Outline
Abstract
Key Word Definitions
Chapter 1: Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Scope of Study
Rationale of Study
Overview of Study
Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature
Chapter 3: Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Data-gathering Method and Database of Study
Preliminary Bibliography
Chapter 4: Data Analysis
Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations

From the Paper
"The study of "resilient" and "invulnerable" children has provided researchers with a new and different focus in the primary prevention of mental illness in adults. Resilient children are those who, because of stressful life events, are at risk of developing later psychological dysfunctions, but do not. As examples: every teenage parent does not quit school and live on welfare; most behaviorally disordered children do not become dysfunctional adults; not all high school dropouts fail to make a good living; and many adjudicated delinquents do not become adult offenders (Brown & Felner, 1991). Based on the wide range of stress-producing factors that may occur throughout childhood and even prior to birth (e.g., in utero cocaine addiction), it is understandable that past research would provide limited coverage. For example, Garmezy and Rutter volume ( 1989) provided an understanding of the neurochemical and physiological aspects of stress, a description of stress-producing factors that occur during infancy and early childhood, and an understanding of coping mechanisms associated with resiliency-all considered within the context of childhood development (Brown & Felner, 1991)."

Tags:childhood, grief, behavior