Abstract
This paper discusses cultural competence within the context of the Pacific Northwest Indians and the Alaskan Native American. The paper describes family and community approaches to child welfare practice and also looks at social and (to a lesser extent) racial constructs in these societies. Finally, the paper at various times touches upon the lessons that a careful study of Pacific Northwest culture can offer to a child welfare agent eager to do the right thing.

From the Paper
"About the Coeur d'Alene tribe somewhat less is known but it is known that kinship was bilaterally based and that the same terms were used to address a cousin from the mother's side of the family as from the father's side of the family (Frey, n.d.). Whether or not this sort of practice is still in place is hard to determine (the evidence is scant) but, to the extent that any members of the Coeur d'Alene still cling to the "old ways", it is advisable that child welfare representatives respect the fact that Coeur d'Alene families are extended and close-knit and that a child's well-being is everyone's concern."

Tags:Native American Washington State, Alaska

Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the Indian Child Welfare Act that deals with the regulation of placement proceedings involving Native-American children. The writer discusses rights and issues relating to families belonging to an Oregon tribe.

From the Paper
"According to the PTLA (2002) the Indian Child Welfare Act regulates placement proceedings involving Native-American children and applies to any family belonging to an Oregon tribe. Tribal families have the right to protection under the ICWA in cases involving child protection, guardianships, adoption, truancy, termination of parental rights action, runaways, or voluntary placement. This 1978 law "applies to Native-American children who are unmarried and under age eighteen as long as they are a member of a federally recognized Indian tribe or eligible for membership in a federally recognized Indian tribe."

Tags:child, welfare

Abstract
The paper discusses how Zlotnik (2001) contends that as time has progressed, there has been a separation between those in the social work profession and those in the child welfare profession, with social workers receiving degrees and child welfare workers being hired without an educational background. The paper highlights Zlotnik's belief that if policies were changed to include mandatory educational requirements for child welfare workers, as well as a new focus in social work degrees on children, such turnovers would be reduced (p. 24). The paper shows how Zlotnik (2001) concludes that while this change in policy would require a collaborative effort among all agencies, it would be a significant step toward rebuilding the child welfare workforce and aiding society's children for the future (p. 24).

From the Paper
"The article proposals directly impact the role of the social worker, as Zlotnik discusses, because there is a new focus on the importance of child welfare workers and social workers seeking the same goal - to address the needs of families and children (24). Zlotnik contends that as time has progressed there has been a separation between those in the social work profession and those in the child welfare profession, with social workers receiving degrees and child welfare workers being hired without an educational background. Zlotnik further stipulates that over time this has

Tags:child, welfare, policy

Abstract
The paper presents a professional's critical view of the child welfare system that includes the assessment of a social organization's focus on the goal of assisting children versus other goals. Additionally, the professional calls for cultural awareness and sensitivity on all levels of social system care. Finally, he calls for accountability and change of organizational structure.

From the Paper
"As with many social services, the Child Welfare System (CWS) changes in response to the needs of the individuals it serves, the needs of staff and employees, and budgetary/legal constraints. As a professional with twenty-three years in child welfare and the product of thirteen years in the foster care system, I experienced first hand how these changes affected children within the system. As such, I am adequately prepared to offer criticism concerning the current system, as well as suggestions for change. Three areas call for attention in terms of revision within CWS: issues..."

Tags:welfare, children, foster care

Abstract
This paper provides a brief history of the Pacific Northwest and the clashes of nations and cultures that dominated the history of the region in the 1800s. These clashes were mainly between American settlers and the Native American tribes who already lived in the area. It looks at the attempts of the settlers to change and dominate the native population and various treaties that were signed.

From the Paper
"During and after the so-called "Great Migration of 1843" which included settlers from all over the United States, it became abundantly clear to the native Indians of the Pacific Northwest that what is now Oregon and Washington State were destined to become strongholds of American culture and society. According to Secretary of State John Calhoun, more than one thousand Americans had relocated to Oregon by 1843 and that twice this number would arrive in 1844 (Fuller, 258); Calhoun also stated "the migration forces which had driven the tide of population in earlier days would drive it on with increasing power across the Rockies to the banks of the Columbia River which was destined to be peopled by us" (Fuller, 259). Thus, this migration of settlers proved to be a turning point in the history of the Pacific Northwest and was even eclipsed in 1845 when more than three thousand "immigrants" poured into Oregon which effectively doubled the white population. With this event, it is comparatively easy to understand how the native Indians of Oregon and Washington were affected, for the white settlers had obviously "expected certain American cultural traditions to be carried over to the Pacific Northwest" (Tisdale, 298), such as commerce, religion and other societal traits. In the end, the Pacific Northwest became part of the true American landscape and, like in so many other regions of the country, the native Indians were either "assimilated" or outright destroyed."

Tags:migration, settler, native, american, indian

Abstract
This paper discusses the role natural resources played in the peopling of the Pacific Northwest, including the natural resources that became commodities and how the commercialization of those resources affected interactions between various groups. It looks at what impact the exploitation of natural resources had on the region's environment. The Pacific Northwest is a diverse area full of natural resources that helped it grow and prosper as the population moved west. The writer concludes that many of these resources have been exploited for years at the expense of the area and its people.

From the Paper
"Comprising the areas of Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, and Canada's British Columbia, the Pacific Northwest is an area known primarily for its natural resources and relationship to the environment. The area is primarily broken into two parts by the ridge of the Cascade Mountains. To the west lies the humid and lush western coast, and to the east lies the drier, arid eastern plains. These environmental areas can be broken down into smaller, more detailed regions that relate to their own specific resources. One Northwest historian notes, "Principal resources include: soils, grasslands, minerals, fisheries, water for power and irrigation, forests, wildlife, and scenic attractions" (Freeman and Martin 119). From the explorations of Lewis and Clark to the first trappers who visited the area, it was quite clear it was an area rich in resources and wildlife, and abundant potential."

Tags:environment, region, exploitation

Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the topic of the history of the Pacific Northwest. Specifically, it discusses how the Great Depression, World War II, and the Cold War impacted regional demographics in the Pacific Northwest.

From the Paper
"Before the Great Depression in 1929, the Pacific Northwest had been growing significantly. By 1920, the area had grown by 254 percent from 1900 (Schwantes 365). However, the Great Depression put a stop to the growth and migration. By the time the Great Depression hit, the area was economically sound, but still rural in much of its' character. The Great Depression had a deep effect on the economy of the region, because so much of the area relied on agriculture, timber, and mining for their livelihood, and these industries suffered as the nation suffered. Historian Schwantes writes, "The Pacific Northwest as a whole experienced mortgage foreclosures, delinquent taxes, and sharply rising unemployment. A sense of desperation led to protests and in some cases to direct action and other forms of self-help by angry farmers and industrial workers" (Schwantes 382). To make matters worse, arrivals from the Midwest Dust Bowl arrived in the area looking for work, but there was none. They simply added to the problem of unemployment and public assistance that was facing the entire area."

Tags:growth, migration, rural, agriculture, timber, mining, livelihood, suffered, protests

Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the topic of the history of the Pacific Northwest. Specifically, it discusses how the lives of Mary Arkwright Hutton, Annie Pike Greenwood, and Teiko Tomita, are representative when considering the racial and class tensions of the twentieth century.

From the Paper
"Mary Arkwright Hutton was a union supporter and organizer early in the history of the area. She worked in the mining towns of Idaho, and became an avid union supporter and organizer of the men who labored in the mines. Many politicians and mine owners found her abrasive and difficult, but the men loved her, and listened to her impassioned words about fairness and justness for the mineworkers. After their small mine, The Hercules, made them wealthy, she and her husband moved to a mansion in Spokane, where she continued to work for social causes such as women's suffrage, orphanages, and day-care centers (Schwantes 324). Her social status may have changed from boarding house matron to society matron, but her work continued to champion the disadvantaged and poor. More importantly, her work crossed political boundaries."

Tags:lower, classes, women, unions, farmers, water, boundaries, japanese, poet, internment, camps

Abstract
This paper analyzes Indian child welfare in Oregon in the United States. It particularly discusses the 1978 Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA), which regulates placement proceedings involving Native-American children. It looks at the benefits of the law, as well as the problems associated with it, such as the lack of proper enforcement. The paper then discusses how these problems can be remedied.

From the Paper
"In conclusion, the Indian Child Welfare Act was passed into law in 1978 because the federal government recognized that it was necessary to reestablish tribal authority in Oregon and other states in cases involving the adoption or removal of Native American children from their homes. The ICWA was considered necessary because a very high percentage of Indian families had been broken up by non-tribal agencies because state officials did not understand or accept Indian culture."
"In order to remedy this, the ICWA established minimum standards for the removal of Native American children from their homes and assured tribal participation in court proceedings. But in Oregon and many other states, establishing clearer guidelines is necessary so caseworkers can formulate plans that conform to federal ICWA standards and thus ensure that the intent of the federal Act is fulfilled, and the rights of Native American children and their families are protected."

Tags:native, adoption, culture, Oregon, government

Abstract
The child welfare system is one in which there is a constant societal desire for change. This is because as time elapses it is evident that flaws exist within the system and that no answer to date has been capable of addressing these flaws sufficiently in order to meet the needs of the population that the system was intended to help. It is also apparent that throughout the history of the child welfare system the country has continued to expand in its diversity and that on a continual basis new cultures have migrated into the United States. Each culture, as its own system, has its own specific elements that impact how that system operates, as well as the lives of all people within it. Given this information it would appear to be a logical conclusion that in order for the child welfare system to become an effective entity within society it must be capable of developing a cultural sensitivity that allows for the celebration of all people. Furthermore, the leadership within the child welfare system must support this cultural sensitivity and inspire workers within this system to support this factor of the organizational mission in order for it to become an integral part of the child welfare system operation.

From the Paper
Improvements in Cultural Sensitivity and the Child Welfare System The child welfare system is one in which there is a constant societal desire for change. This is because as time elapses it is evident that flaws exist within the system and that no answer to date has been capable of addressing these flaws sufficiently in order to meet the needs of the population that the system was intended to help. It is also apparent that throughout the history of the child welfare system the country has continued to expand in its diversity and that on a continual basis new cultures have migrated into the United States. Each culture, as its own system, has its own specific elements that impact how that system

Tags:culture, diversity, business