Abstract
This essay includes a summary of two views on child-rearing and parenting in the Victorian era and contemporary times. The paper also includes a response and reaction to these views. Other authors and thinkers are cited regarding socialization and normalization strategies, particularly their impact on childhood in contemporary times.

From the Paper
"In 'Uncovering Childhood', Peter Fuller traces the way that children's imagery, in fact their being, has been co-modified by adults and capitalistic socioeconomic systems. Primarily viewing children as young adults, Fuller argues that..."

Tags:socioeconomics, capitalism, commercialism, innocence, norms, advertising, imagery, vulnerability, adults, culture

Abstract
This paper explores and describes the various architectural achievements of the Victorian era, which include the use of glass and iron in the centerpiece of the Great Exposition in 1851. The paper further highlights some truly unlivable mansions in Gothic, Tudor and Italinate style, plus the upscale housing some of which still remains today in the Regency terrace style. A downside of the Victorian age of architecture, namely the urbanization and growth of slums, is also highlighted.

From the Paper
"There has always been the idea that the Victorian Age was one of comfort. Comfort in the sense of looking back on the events and ideas that created the world of Victoria and Albert and, through them, the entire British Empire. While much of this period is often remembered basically for its prudery and, to some degree, the inequality of women, despite a female queen, it is also an Age where literature, art and architecture provided that sense of comfort in some, perhaps unease in a few. While modes in dress, even theater and poetry changed over the decades of the era, one fairly constant art form was that of architecture."

Tags:extravagance, regency, gothic revival

Abstract
The paper asserts that parenting is not simply a task but a series of tasks, of inter-related actions and decisions, and learning these tasks and how to make the right decisions is a difficult enterprise for which many people find themselves unprepared. The paper relates that what people do learn about parenting has often come from observation of other parents, from memories of their own parents, from advice from friends, and so on. The paper discusses how in the modern age of self-help and advice books, books on parenting have been popular and have shaped the thinking of several generations, with the notable works of Dr. Spock in the 1960s showing the way.

From the Paper
"Parenting is not simply a task but a series of tasks, of inter-related actions and decisions, and learning these tasks and how to make the right decisions is a difficult enterprise for which many people find themselves unprepared. What people do learn about parenting has often come from observation of other parents, from memories of their own parents, from advice fro friends, and so on. In the modern age of self-help and advice books, books on parenting have been popular and have shaped the thinking of several generations, with the notable works of Dr. Spock in the 1960s showing the way. More recently, though, parents seeking assistance are as..."

Tags:child, rearing, development

Abstract
This paper looks at how raising children is a not an easy job and how one of the most difficult parts is finding the most efficient way to punish a child. It explores the topic of disciplining children by the parents, including a discussion on whether or not corporal punishment is right or wrong in both the home and school setting. It also gives alternatives to corporal punishment, such as positive reinforcement, as well as information that suggests that spanking isn't that harmful to a child.

From the Paper
"Corporal punishment is a touchy subject no matter how you look at it. Some people believe that it is a necessary part of life, while others believe that it needs to be banned in the United States. The definition of corporal punishment as stated in the Encyclopedia Britannica is "the infliction of physical pain upon a person's body as punishment for a crime or infraction." (Britannica .com) It goes on to state "the term also denotes physical disciplining of children in the schools and at home." The use of corporal punishment in home and school has been widely debated. So parents have the difficult decision in how they will punish their children inside their own home and they also have to worry about how their child's teacher or school official will discipline them."

Tags:postive, reinforcement, spanking, violence, discipline

Abstract
In this paper, the gender roles of women in the 19th century has been evaluated in three paintings by Berthe Morisot, Mary Cassatt, and John Singer Sargent. The Victorian era value were often dictated by the various standards of classes in Europe and in America. Sargent's work evaluates to often exclusive privileges given to members of the upper classes that clashed with the stricter societal norms for women in lower and middle class incomes.

From the Paper
Thank you for purchasing a customized research paper from Essay Experts LLC. We strive to deliver to our customers the most accurate and up-to-date research each and every time we prepare a custom work. Your Writer ID: #255 Order ID: 12722 Topic: Art Studies Disclaimer: This document should be used in precisely the same way you would use any article you might find in your local research library. Remember, you must cite it properly just like you would any other source listed in your bibliography. If you have any questions regarding citing

Tags:victorian, painting, women

Abstract
This paper talks about the roots of Child Labor Laws by examining the use of children as laborers beginning in the Middle Ages, through the Industrial Revolution and into the Victorian Era. It traces the abhorrent conditions these children faced, especially during the Industrial Revolution, where times where extremely difficult, through the Victorian Era the The National Child Labor Committee was formed, and strict laws were passed regarding children. These laws regulated and enforced working conditions, hours and ages that could be employed.

From the paper:

"It was thought to be a benefit for children to work, so they could get a head start on building a life for themselves. Poor children could contribute to society by working, and through self-reliance and determinism could break free from poverty.
"The prevalent attitude was that the laissez-faire economic system had made America great, and that any interference in the natural way of things was "unscientific, irrational, and unjust" (Trattner, 1970: 32). Social Darwinism also supported child labor and the lack of regulation. Society valued individualism and self-reliance, and saw any regulation of industry as obstructing a natural process that should be allowed to progress free of restraints. Each person should try their hardest to get rich, and nobody should interfere with a person's right to accumulate wealth, even at the expense of others."

Tags:adolescence, children, employment, kids, laws, lowell, mills, poor, poverty, unions, working, social, values, enforcement

Abstract
The paper discusses how D.H. Lawrence's novel "Rainbow", Vera Brittain's memoir the "Testament of Youth" and Francois Truffault's film "Two English Girls", all deal with the issue of how women in the twentieth century deal with their inheritance of Victorian morality and how they shape their own lives both in response to and in defiance of those virtues. It examines how in Victorian society, women had an extremely well-defined, repressive and limited role in society with strict taboos surrounding female sexuality, which was not a subject available for polite discussion. It looks at how in all the three works, several different young female characters raised in the shadow of the Victorian Era are coming to grips with their identity especially as it relates to the typical idea of women that people held in the Victorian Era.

From the Paper
"Vera Brittain on the other hand, displays an example of the new femininity that began to emerge in the twentieth century after the end of the Victorian era and the repression that that era caused people to entertain, particularly as regards their gender roles. Brittain, unlike Ursula, however, seems to have a sense of how she can achieve a difference between her and her forbearers in action as well as in thought. She realizes what she learns by working outside of the house as a nurse and what this information enable her to accomplish in the world. Further, she realizes how having access to information about the realities of both life and of sexuality enable her to have a more privileged and enlightened position in the world than many of her female contemporaries."

Tags:society, taboos, sexuality, morality

Abstract
This paper details the poverty and poor working conditions in England during the Victorian Era and how these conditions had a profoundly negative impact on the health and well-being of the working class. The paper describes the long hours, hazardous working conditions, and low pay that sentenced the people of the working class to a life of inadequate food, housing, medical care, and education. The paper also points out how the Victorian Era is a disturbing example of the consequences of substandard working condition.

From the Paper
"Poor working conditions had a tremendous and negative effect on the health of the working class in England in the Victorian Age. The Victorian Age (the nineteenth century) saw the rise of a large working class, where women, men, and children are spent long hours in employment in substandard conditions. Working conditions were poor, and physical mistreatment was common, as were long hours, unhealthy conditions, and poor wages. As a direct result of these poor conditions and ensuing poverty, the health of the average working class Victorian was poor. Nutrition and hygiene were poor, and disease was common, as was malnutrition."

Tags:toiling, factories, industrial, revolution, workforce, difficult, grueling, damaging, health

From the Paper
"God and Religion in Victorian Literature
Introduction
Hilary Fraser believes that one of the most prominent and characteristic features of Victorian thought was "a proliferation of religio-aesthetic theories designed to reconcile the claims of Christianity and beauty, morality and art" (Fraser 1). She argues that this tendency to relate religious experience to aesthetic experience was particularly pronounced in the nineteenth century. For example, she notes that in the visual arts, painters used biblical scenes for their subject-matter. She believes that this resulted in a "peculiarly Victorian religious mysticism," which many people came to accept as the particular domain of Victorian poetry (Fraser 2). Thus, she argues, Victorian poetry became a way of expressing religious.."

Abstract
This paper examines the child raising techniques of three cultures: the Mbuti, the Yanoamo, and the !Kung. According to the author, each of these food-foraging societies showed different elements of independence training to instill survival skills.

From the Paper
"The Mbuti culture instructs independence by a way of religious means. The Mbuti have many rituals in where they give thanks to the forest. One of them is called the bamelima, where young girls go into the forest for a long period of time. This practice is to ensure cooperation between the girls for survival's sake and for later adult cooperative activity. The Mbuti see the male children as being well developed with their cooperation skills, but do not think the same of the girls. This is why this festival is for only the girls. (Turnbull, 135,136) The boys have rituals also, such as the nkumbi. This ritual practices strength training (instead of cooperation training) with strenuous labor and physical abuse. After it is through, the boys are then considered men in the village and may take part in any adult male activity. (Turnbull, 221-226) Although training methods differ, the Mbuti culture uses survival skills in rituals to teach independence in both girls and boys."

Tags:adulthood, anthropology, children, independence, kung, mbuti, child, rearing, religion, games, teaching, training, yanoamo