Abstract
The paper asserts that parenting is not simply a task but a series of tasks, of inter-related actions and decisions, and learning these tasks and how to make the right decisions is a difficult enterprise for which many people find themselves unprepared. The paper relates that what people do learn about parenting has often come from observation of other parents, from memories of their own parents, from advice from friends, and so on. The paper discusses how in the modern age of self-help and advice books, books on parenting have been popular and have shaped the thinking of several generations, with the notable works of Dr. Spock in the 1960s showing the way.

From the Paper
"Parenting is not simply a task but a series of tasks, of inter-related actions and decisions, and learning these tasks and how to make the right decisions is a difficult enterprise for which many people find themselves unprepared. What people do learn about parenting has often come from observation of other parents, from memories of their own parents, from advice fro friends, and so on. In the modern age of self-help and advice books, books on parenting have been popular and have shaped the thinking of several generations, with the notable works of Dr. Spock in the 1960s showing the way. More recently, though, parents seeking assistance are as..."

Tags:child, rearing, development

Abstract
This paper looks at how raising children is a not an easy job and how one of the most difficult parts is finding the most efficient way to punish a child. It explores the topic of disciplining children by the parents, including a discussion on whether or not corporal punishment is right or wrong in both the home and school setting. It also gives alternatives to corporal punishment, such as positive reinforcement, as well as information that suggests that spanking isn't that harmful to a child.

From the Paper
"Corporal punishment is a touchy subject no matter how you look at it. Some people believe that it is a necessary part of life, while others believe that it needs to be banned in the United States. The definition of corporal punishment as stated in the Encyclopedia Britannica is "the infliction of physical pain upon a person's body as punishment for a crime or infraction." (Britannica .com) It goes on to state "the term also denotes physical disciplining of children in the schools and at home." The use of corporal punishment in home and school has been widely debated. So parents have the difficult decision in how they will punish their children inside their own home and they also have to worry about how their child's teacher or school official will discipline them."

Tags:postive, reinforcement, spanking, violence, discipline

Abstract
This paper examines the child raising techniques of three cultures: the Mbuti, the Yanoamo, and the !Kung. According to the author, each of these food-foraging societies showed different elements of independence training to instill survival skills.

From the Paper
"The Mbuti culture instructs independence by a way of religious means. The Mbuti have many rituals in where they give thanks to the forest. One of them is called the bamelima, where young girls go into the forest for a long period of time. This practice is to ensure cooperation between the girls for survival's sake and for later adult cooperative activity. The Mbuti see the male children as being well developed with their cooperation skills, but do not think the same of the girls. This is why this festival is for only the girls. (Turnbull, 135,136) The boys have rituals also, such as the nkumbi. This ritual practices strength training (instead of cooperation training) with strenuous labor and physical abuse. After it is through, the boys are then considered men in the village and may take part in any adult male activity. (Turnbull, 221-226) Although training methods differ, the Mbuti culture uses survival skills in rituals to teach independence in both girls and boys."

Tags:adulthood, anthropology, children, independence, kung, mbuti, child, rearing, religion, games, teaching, training, yanoamo

Abstract
Punishment was once an integral part of the school life of the children. This paper discusses how corporal punishments was given to the students who were found engaged in any wrong deed. The purpose of punishing the students in the school was to tell that the wrong doing would eventually bring pain and agony. The writer explores the development that with the passage of time, it is now realized that these punishments are no good for the students as they have more negative impacts than positive. The short and long term effects are discussed in this paper, examining whether adults who were beaten as children in schools became more aggressive parents. It shows how these punishments not only harm the students physically but are also great threat to their mental health. It examines how people including parents and the young generation (children and teenagers) are now voicing against the abuse of the corporal punishment.

Introduction
Statement of Problem
Overview of the Study
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989
and Discipline
The Legal Effects of the UN Convention
General Aims and Obligations
Discipline
Schools and Corporal Punishment
Discipline at School
Responsibility for Discipline
Disciplinary Measures at School
The Legal Basis of a Teachers Authority
Home-School Agreements
Constraints on disciplinary Action
Detention
Safer Schools
The Physical Punishment of Children in the U.K
Child Protection
The Children Act 1989 and Child Protection
The Human Rights Act 1998 and Child Protection
Suggested Reforms and Conclusion
The Need For Change
Bibliography
Cases and Statute

From the Paper
"It was the perspective of people a few years ago; that only way to punish someone who did a sinister deed was to use corporal punishment. This is meant to enforce pain to someone who has done wrong by hitting them, beating them, strapping them or even whipping them. These are only a few examples of corporal punishment. Why do we have punishment, How do we benefit from it and how do we abuse it? The most obvious reason for corporal punishment is to castigate one for doing something wrong by means of physical abuse expecting the individual to learn from his or her mistake. But we must ask ourselves this question. Is the person benefiting from this or is he or she not only being physically abused but also mentally. In some cases corporal punishment psychologically affects ones mind on a long-term basis that will stain their memory for a very long period of time."

Tags:corporal, education, abuse, physical, violent

Abstract
This paper discusses cultural competence within the context of the Pacific Northwest Indians and the Alaskan Native American. The paper describes family and community approaches to child welfare practice and also looks at social and (to a lesser extent) racial constructs in these societies. Finally, the paper at various times touches upon the lessons that a careful study of Pacific Northwest culture can offer to a child welfare agent eager to do the right thing.

From the Paper
"About the Coeur d'Alene tribe somewhat less is known but it is known that kinship was bilaterally based and that the same terms were used to address a cousin from the mother's side of the family as from the father's side of the family (Frey, n.d.). Whether or not this sort of practice is still in place is hard to determine (the evidence is scant) but, to the extent that any members of the Coeur d'Alene still cling to the "old ways", it is advisable that child welfare representatives respect the fact that Coeur d'Alene families are extended and close-knit and that a child's well-being is everyone's concern."

Tags:Native American Washington State, Alaska

Abstract
This paper examines the differences in child rearing techniques from the beginning and mid-nineteenth century and today. It briefly looks at some popular sitcoms which depict both of these eras to explain the role that the media has had in forming different patterns of child rearing and child development.

From the Paper
"Television commercials constitute a large segment of the media's representation of children. These children are usually the product of suburban households, and show popular trends in their speech and dress. They have a personality that shows an early development of cynicism and too much emphasis on the latest trends. However, they are educated, technologically aware and interested in competitive sports. Very little attention is given in television commercials to the children who may not be interested in these mainstream pursuits. The child who loves books, or plays the piano or enjoys solitary pursuits is usually not represented in this part of the media. However, it must be remembered that commercials are marketing devices, and does not have child development as a part of the agenda. In general, the depiction of childhood in the media is healthy and reflective of the influences of today's society and the advances made in the field of child development."

Tags:television, sitcom, family

Abstract
This paper explains that the history of child abuse and neglect in the United States is characterized by a conflict between two missions: a child rescue orientation, emphasizing the removal of children from unfit homes; and the family support approach, focusing on improving the social and environmental factors that lead to parental stress and child maltreatment. The author points out that, until the Middle Ages, there was no concept of childhood in the minds of most adults in the West; until children were age six or seven, they were considered infants and non-persons who were often uncared for and unwanted. This paper states that, at the dawn of the 21st century, children are no longer adequately cared for, and there are strong indications of a general devaluation of children and child-rearing; children are once again living under conditions that threaten their emotional and physical health because of society's perception of children as non-persons.

Table of Contents
Introduction
A Historical Overview
Child Sexual Abuse
Differences in Perception of Childhood
Child Abuse throughout History
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Societies basically ignored child sexual abuse until after the "re-discovery" of child abuse in the early 1960s by Kempe and his colleagues. Kempe's construction of the "battered child syndrome" has been greatly expanded over the past three decades to include sexual abuse, emotional abuse and neglect. The increased growth of concern about child sexual abuse is greatly attributed to child advocates and the feminist movement."

Tags:removal, support, non-person, battered, devaluation

Abstract
This paper investigates the literature regarding child abuse in a cross-cultural context. This includes alleged child abuse cases among South Asian families in Britain, concepts of abuse and discipline among immigrant Latino families in the United States and among American Indian and native Alaskan communities and ultra-Orthodox Jewish families in Israel. In the conclusion, the paper notes the continued difficulty of imposing a universal definition of child abuse and the continued need for a culturally sensitive approach towards the child rearing and parenting traditions of other cultures.

From the Paper
"Since the 1950s, the issue of child abuse has often been framed in terms of children or minors being battered by adults. Because extensive research shows that victimized children grow up to victimize others (Heyman and Slep 2002), researchers and psychiatrists continue to devise diagnostic tools to recognize the early signs of child abuse and ways to treat children who have been abused. However, psychiatrists like Maita Begum assert that the professionalization of the care and protection of children from child abuse is based largely on Western cultural values, particularly individuality, subjective experiences and proper interpersonal communications."

Tags:jewish, muslim, society, cultural, religion, acceptance, law, children, parents

From the Paper
"This research is concerned with child-rearing practices. As the term is used in this research, child-rearing refers to the behaviors of parents toward their minority-age children. To a great extent, this research is concerned with the sources of authority in family structures, economic developments that influence the ability of parents to supervise the rearing of their children, and societal transitions that affect family environments.

Thesis of the Study
The thesis of this study is that traditional authoritarian and patriarchal family structures and approaches to child-rearing are being supplanted in both Mexico and the United ..."

Tags:FAMILY, MARRIAGE

From the Paper
"The essence of Hasidism is both its orthodoxy and its passion. Although there are many sects of Hasidic Jews, they all share the fundamental idea that the soul must be on fire for the creator, not for anything else. It is the creator who is at the center of life and all of life is lived in accordance with principles, commandments, and guidelines that have been long-established as likely to lead the community closer to the time of the messiah and the beginning of heaven on earth. With this as its goal, the child-rearing practices of Hasidic families differ from the average American family in many ways. The goal is to mold an observant Hasidic Jew, with understanding of his..."

Tags:JEWISH, STUDIES, FAMILY, MARRIAGE