Abstract
This paper examines how children are the most vulnerable members of society and how, throughout history, they have been exploited both physically and mentally. It looks at how Child Protective Services (CPS) exists to curtail or prevent children from being abused and how it allows citizens to report the abuse of children. It also examines the history of the relationship between CPS and the public school system, as well as recent history of CPS as it relates to the foster care system.

Outline
Introduction
History of Child Protective Services
Recent History: When Children Are Removed from Their Homes
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Bridgeland and Duane (1993) explain that those that work at the school are often taken aback by the hostility that they may receive from the parents. Some of the school professionals mentioned in the study feared that parents would file lawsuits (Bridgeland and Duane 1993). The researchers explain that the uneasiness of the school professionals "can divert social-service people from child protection and into attempting some "psychic first-aid" to school staff. As one protective-service respondent suggested, more school districts could, through school in-service, provide legal information and coping strategies (Bridgeland and Duane 1993).""

Tags:foster, care, protection, social, services

Abstract
The paper looks at the role of a Child Protection Services (CPS) worker and relates that
the CPS is critical because there are still numerous cases of child abuse, maltreatment and neglect. The paper addresses the abuse or misinformation given to the CPS in some instances and also looks at the rights of the parent. The paper emphasizes that in every case, the Child Protection Services has the sole objective of protecting the child and keeping him/her safe.

From the Paper
"One of the true signs of a democratic and civilized nation is having strong laws protecting the rights and welfare of women and children. But the existence of these legislations is not enough though since there has to be strict implementation as well as agencies mandated to enforced the laws and look after those women and children needing help and protection. These same legislatures have [thus] created state agencies, usually referred to as the Department of Social Services or Child Welfare, to enforce and implement the laws designed to protect children (Keefer, 2006). Children especially are vulnerable to abuse and neglect. This is clearly seen in countries where no child protection laws exist - underage labor is rampant, child prostitution is prevalent, and child abuse is ubiquitous. In the United States, the protection of children has been one of the cornerstones of the country's democracy and the Child Protection Services (CPS) at the federal, state and local levels ensure that child protection laws are implemented but the welfare of abused and neglected children are looked after.
"Child abuse can take many forms and it can be manifested mentally, emotionally or physically, and the appearance of a Child Protection Services worker means there is a problem. To most people though, the idea of a CPS worker is someone who knocks at your door and declares that your child will be taken away because of reports of abuse. This may be an abridged version of what sometimes is the end result of the work of a Child Protection Services worker."

Tags:abuse, maltreatment, neglect, foster, care

Abstract
This paper explains that, although great strides have been made in detecting and preventing child maltreatment, confidentiality and expungement laws are some inadequacies that contribute to the ongoing problems in investigating and convicting perpetrators. The author points out that confidentiality laws mandating silence and expungement laws mandating ignorance leave a system of child protective services, which cannot monitor its own work, which is insulated from outside scrutiny and which is unable to publicly account for its actions. The paper stresses that a child who is abused today is at risk of becoming an abuser or may continue the abuse pattern themselves throughout their lives; maltreatment as a child can have far-reaching consequences including fear of intimacy and low social integration.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Critical Evaluation
Supporting Arguments
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Throughout the history of our nation, child maltreatment has been a part of life. Prior to the 1960's, little was thought about this being a problem. In fact, during the late eighteenth, early nineteenth centuries, there was little focus on sexual and physical abuse. What we consider physical abuse today was actually an acceptable way to discipline your child. And what is now known about sexual abuse, well, it just wasn't talked about. Only the most horrendous abuses were noticed. As in the case of an eight year old adopted child named Mary Ellen who, in 1874 was found chained, beaten, and malnourished. The media attention generated for this little girl led to the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children in 1875.Since that time there have been hundreds of organizations established to aid abused children."

Tags:confidentiality, expungement, public, accountable, consequences

Abstract
The paper examines Japan, Germany and Switzerland and compares and contrasts their different child protection policies in relation to their standards of living. The paper shows how the economic situation of a country is not essential for the well being of its children, as illustrated by Switzerland, one of the richest countries in the world but one that fails to ensure a proper support for the homeless or abused children. The paper therefore concludes that the policy one implements in a country and the means used to do this is more important than the economic situation of the country.

Outline:
Introduction
Comparison of Current Status of three States Standards of Living
Comparison of Current Status of 3 States Child Protection Services
Investigation of Public Policy
Interpretation of Findings

From the Paper
"According to a UN report from 2006, Japan ranked the country with the highest standard of living from the three countries, on the seventh position, with Switzerland on nine, and Germany on the twenty first position (Yahoo Asia News, 2006). The top takes into account various indicators related to the status of the economy such as the "average life expectancy, education, literacy, the gross domestic product per capita and other factors, to calculate the Human Development Index" (Yahoo Asia News, 2006). It can be said from this perspective that the ranking represents a rather comprehensive blueprint of the actual situation in all these countries. Therefore, as Japan and Switzerland enjoy top ten positions, Germany is immediately below the twenty mark."

Tags:Japan, Germany, Switzerland, public, welfare, violence, exploitation, abuse

Abstract
The paper explores the role of the child protection agencies in protecting our children and questions whether state laws are helping or hindering the process. The paper explains the types of abuse and presents research data that demonstrates the increase in child abuse every year. The paper also reviews the history of child abuse and discusses the challenges that are faced today by the child protection system and what can be done to improve the child protective services (CPS).

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
What is Child Abuse and Neglect?
History of Child Abuse
Types of Abuse
What Factors Contribute to Child Abuse?
Understanding the Impact of Historic Policies on Child Maltreatment
Child Abuse and Neglect Laws and State Statutes
The Role of Child Protective Services
The Consequences of Child Abuse
Social Intervention Strategies
Conclusion
Recommendations for Policy Changes

From the Paper
"According to Tzeng et al (1991) children throughout history have been the victims of child abuse. There have even been some archeological findings that have suggested that child abuse existed as far back as prehistoric times. In many societies corporal punishment was seen as the norm and was used to discipline children. Child abuse has also been used to educate children as it pertains to cultural and religious ideas and morals. The corporal punishment or abuse of children was also utilized to please gods or expel unwanted spirits.
"The author points out that in the rituals of ancient Greeks and Romans children were sacrificially killed. In addition in some civilizations fathers, in accordance with the Patria Protestas of 700 B.C., could legally trade, maim, or kill their children if the so desired. Children were also killed in Ancient Greek Societies when they were found to be deformed or retarded because it was believed that such children would weaken the society. This was allowed because children were believed to be property."

Tags:child, protection, agencies, maltreatment, parenting

Abstract
This paper looks at the issue of child abuse, describing the different kinds of abuse that occur and citing various cases of abuse that have been taken to court. The paper also points out that the first step in helping abused or neglected children is learning to recognize the signs of child abuse and neglect. In addition, the paper reminds us that when someone suspects that any child is being harmed, she should report her concerns to the appropriate authorities, such as Child Protective Services (CPS), in the State where the child resides.

From the Paper
"The child welfare system is a group of services designed to promote the well-being of children by ensuring safety, achieving permanency, and strengthening families to successfully care for their children. Child welfare systems are complex and their specific procedures vary widely by State. However in each state the physical and emotional welfare of children is of primary importance in each state's child welfare system."

Tags:neglect, procedures, well-being

Abstract
This ten page paper warns that child abuse is a problem of tragic proportions in the United States, for each year approximately three million innocent children are physically and psychologically abused, according to child protective service agencies in the United States. The paper suggests that child abuse in America is much worse than statistics indicate, for child abuse incidents are concealed much more often than they are detected and adjudicated.

From the Paper
"This shocking evidence compels policymakers at every level of government to confront the reality that child abuse has reached epidemic proportions in America, primarily because of the criminal negligence of local, state, and federal authorities and policy makers, who have consistently failed to acknowledge the scope and severity of child abuse."

Tags:child, abuse, issues

Abstract
This paper explains that problems, such as false reporting and accusations, cultural misunderstandings, racial bias, unnecessary harsh sentences and overall judicial inconsistencies, exist in the child abuse reporting system. The author points out that the large percentage of inappropriate reporting also places an unnecessary burden on the already overwhelmed child protective agencies and threatens to undermine public support for their efforts. The paper suggests that, with time and experience, it will be possible to standardize the approach toward sentencing so individuals will receive accurate judgments of incarceration, probation, education or acquittal based on the true circumstances. This paper includes several long quotations.

Outline:
Introduction Definition of Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act
Spanking versus Serious Physical Abuse
Study by Baumrind: Most Parents Spank without Ill Impact on Children
Statistical Reporting of Child Abuse Numbers
Numbers of Reporting Increased 20 Times
Large number of "Unfounded" Reports
Inappropriate Reporting Places Unnecessary Burden on Child Protective Agencies
Better Reporting on What to/Not to Report
Disagreement of Over/Under-Reporting of Child Abuse Claims
Investigative/Tool Inconsistencies
Racial/Cultural Misrepresentations
American Psychology Association Recommendations
Learn about the Culture
Examine Discrepancies between Accepted Cultural Practices and the Behavior
Look at the Continuum of Cultural Behaviors, Determining Relationship Socioeconomic Issues such as Poverty and Substance Abuse
Is Alleged Abusive Behavior is Truly Harmful to others?
Person's Level of Acculturation to U.S. Culture
Reporting Bias
Suggested Actions
Narrow the Scope of Child Abuse and Neglect Definitions.
Place the Investigatory Powers with the Police
Re-Criminalize Child Abuse and Neglect.
Repeal Mandatory Reporting Laws Effect in all the States.
Make Child and Family Services Voluntary

From the Paper
"As with any law that is passed, it is necessary to clearly define terms so that certain persons or groups of persons are not being treated differently in terms of that law and the punishment fits the crime. In cases of child abuse, there are numerous cases, especially with severe physical, psychological or sexual violations, where an individual should receive a strict penalty. However, there are also a large number of others cases where the abuse is minimal, questionable (spanking, for example), cultural, or even misinformed. In these latter situations, it may be better to find alternate ways to help these individuals and the victims."

Tags:spanking, agencies, misunderstandings, bias, police

From the Paper
" Introduction
In their discussion of childhood abuse and neglect, Papalia and Olds (1972) have offered the following brief definitions:
Maltreatment of children can take several different forms. Child abuse involves physical injury...Neglect is withholding of adequate care, usually physical care such as food, clothing and supervision. Emotional neglect can also occur...(p.166)

This paper examines the history of the social response to childhood abuse and neglect from colonial to contemporary times. The social forces, value systems, institutions, and differing perspectives of childhood abuse and neglect that have evolved over time are emphasized in the report.

History of Child Abuse and Neglect and the Social Response.."

Abstract
The paper offers a definition of child abuse and looks at the history of the abuse of children in society. The paper describes several cases of child abuse that illustrate how abuse can be in the form of emotional, sexual or physical abuse. The paper discusses the effects of abuse on children and relates that today, society frowns on child abuse and abusers. The paper does note, however, that some child prevention units can be overzealous in their attempts to protect children.

From the Paper
"Child abuse is certainly not a new issue. Its existence has been noted, discussed, and managed for centuries. First, it is important to define child abuse, because even that definition has changed over time. In the 19th century, beating or spanking a child was a common practice, and it was common for even very young children to work long hours in factories or businesses, for very little pay. Today, these are seen as extremely abusive practices, and are not tolerated, indicating how abuse and how it is viewed alters over time. Few records exist of recorded child abuse cases in the early 19th century, but by about 1870, the Victorian age, Victorians were becoming increasingly alarmed about child abuse, and began passing laws to protect children and punish offenders."

Tags:abusers, offenders, trauma, Child, Protective, Services