Abstract
This paper examines to what extent parents who suffer from depression pass this illness onto their children. To put it another way, the paper discusses whether parents that are suffering from depression are ultimately responsible - in a way other environmental factors are not - for the development of depression in their children. The paper concludes that while depression in children cannot be wholly linked to depression in their mothers and fathers it would seem that the confluence of genetic predisposition, parental neglect, and parental actions of the most negative sort (angry outburst, recriminatory behavior) conspire to make these children especially vulnerable to one of the cruelest of all mental illnesses.

Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Methodology
Results/Data
Discussion

From the Paper
"A much more recent study confirms the general conclusions of Orvaschel insofar as it illuminates the troubling psychic burdens shouldered by the sons and daughters of clinically depressed parents. To wit, Alpert et al (2003) found that depressed parents suffering from "anger attacks" also tended to produce offspring given over to lower social and school competency scale scores and to higher levels of delinquency, aggressive behavior and attention problems. Additionally, Alpert and his team of researchers found that the children of depressed parents engaging in intermittent angry outbursts were more likely to have an elevated T score - a "global measure" of psychopathology. "

Tags:mother, father, neglect, psychopathology

Abstract
This paper examines evidence showing to what extent parents who suffer from depression pass this illness onto their children. The paper notes that this is a tough and complex issue, yet it also highlights progress that has been made in this area so that the children of parents grappling with chronic depression can receive the assistance they need before the problems of their parents become their problems, as well.

From the Paper
"The following paper will examine to what extent parents who suffer from depression pass this illness onto their children. To put it another way, are parents suffering from depression ultimately responsible - in a way other environmental factors are not - for the development of depression in their children? Understandably, this is a tough and complex issue, but it is this writer's hope that some progress can be made in this area so that the children of parents grappling with chronic depression can receive the assistance they need before the problems of their parents become their..."

Tags:depression, evidence, parents

Abstract
The paper refers to the article "Medical and Psychosocial Aspects of Chronic Illness and Disability" by D.R. Falvo and discusses the reaction of parents when a child is born with or develops some form of disability during childhood. The paper discusses the stress that can take the form of grief, denial, depression or guilt. The paper explains the positive outlook parents should have and discusses the benefits of support groups and grief counseling. The paper emphasizes the importance of parents understanding that they still have a whole, but different, child.

From the Paper
"When a child is born with or develops some form of disability during his or her childhood, the parents almost inevitably suffer significant feeling of loss and grief. The process that they undertake is similar to that of someone who has experienced the loss of a loved one, or of a special person in their lives. The totality of this grieving depends on a number of factors. It is influenced by 1) the condition itself, 2) the disparity between the individuals' personality pre- and post-disease or disability, 3) how the affected individual and his or her family perceive the new condition, 4) the resources with which the person can respond to the disease or disability, and 5) the amount of support that an individual can derive from his or her family or society at large (Falvo, 2005, p. 1)."

Tags:stress, grief, loss, denial, depression, support, groups, counseling

Abstract
This paper explores the complex workings of the brain and the effect brain development has on the communication capacity of an infant. It examines how a mother's brain activity affects the unborn child, as well as the emotional bond formed in the early years of a child's life. The paper shows that if the mother-child bond is fully developed, the child forms a secure attachment, which allows for better intellectual and socio-emotional development. The paper explores several subjects related to brain development, attachment and bonding and the process of developing communication capacity. It ends with a discussion of the 'Healthy Families' Indiana program, discussing how this program attempts to help parents in this complex and difficult process.

From the Paper
"There is other evidence that this six-month period is crucial to language development. Kuhl (Hochberg, 1997) reported on language studies with Japanese and American infants dealing with distinctions between the "Ra" sound and the "la" sound. Both sets of infants were able to distinguish between these sounds at the age of six months. However, by the age of one year, the Japanese children were no longer able to do so. Because Japanese does not distinguish between these two sounds, their brains had discarded the neural connections that helped them distinguish between the two sounds. They were unneeded for their particular language learning. Certainly this has implications for bilingual development. It is during this period of time, according to Kuhl, that the brain is being organized in order to prepare itself for a specific language."

Tags:postpartum, depression, nerve, cells, memory

Abstract
This thesis focus looks at the correlation between child abuse and childhood depression among Latino children, in terms of whether child abuse contributes to childhood depression. The thesis focuses on the Latino community that resides in California. This community is made up of first-generation immigrants and their families, who have been born in the United States. The thesis explores what child abuse is, how it can be measured, and also what depression is, the most likely causes for depression, and how depression can be measured. The factors that contribute to all of these conditions within the Latino community are also discussed in terms of what cultural factors are important in determining the levels of these conditions within the community, both internally (i.e., culturally) and externally (i.e., socio-politically). The links between abuse (intrafamilial and inter-racial) and depression are then explored, and conclusions are drawn regarding the factors that contribute to childhood depression in this racial group within the United States.

Introduction
Problem Statement
Significance
Purpose
Latino's in the US: Characteristics and Diagnosed Mental Health Needs
Need for Mental Health Care
High-Need Populations
Availability of Mental Health Services
Access to Mental Health Services
Use of Mental Health Services
Appropriateness and Outcomes of Mental Health Services
Latino'in Society: Welfare and Minority Families
Legislative and Legal Advocacy of Latino Families
The Formalization of Informal Latino Family Supports
Child Abuse
What is Abuse?
Incidence of Child Abuse
Diagnosing Abuse
The Dimension of the Problem
Prevalence Studies
Rate of Child Abuse Increase
Potential Long-Term Effects of Abuse
Depression
Scope of the Problem
Clinical Characteristics
Risk Factors
What is Depression?
Depression in Children
Treatments for Childhood Depression
Latino's and Depression: How is Depression Expressed?
Levels of Depression in the Latino Community
Risk Factors that May Contribute to Clinical Depression
Implications in the Latino Community
Single Parents
Lack of Resources
Discussion

From the Paper
"The Latino community has it's own deeply embedded cultural values and beliefs. Obedience is an important element for a family to be considered a good family (una buena familia). For the purpose of this study, the parents may be mother and father, or possible the grandparents, all of which will be addressed as the primary caregiver.
The Latino family defines discipline as a form of corporal punishment; the caretakers themselves may have been abused as children, and therefore consider corporal punishment an acceptable way to hand out discipline. Furthermore, it is difficult to get caretakers to see that when they discipline a child with corporal punishment, they are discharging their own anger on them, in many cases inflicting more pain and injury than was originally intended. The child then feels powerless and confused, and does not have labels for those feelings, and cannot verbalize what is happening to them, physically or emotionally."

Tags:treatment, risk, health, care, psychology, punishment, discipline

Abstract
The paper describes the extensiveness of depression in America and lists the symptoms of the illness. It then explains the relationship between parents who suffer from depression and children with mood disorders. It also describes the symptoms that identifies a child with bipolar disorder.

From the Paper
"In another book by Papolos, "The Bipolar Child," he says"Our study sample showed that over 80% of the children who developed early-onset bipolar disorder had what is known as "bilineal transmission" substance abuse and mood disorders appeared on both sides of their families" (Papolos 7). Research has found that positive parent-child relationships create a buffer for a child facing the daily stresses of life. There is evidence for both direct and indirect relations between paternal depression and behavioral problems in young children (Marchand 353)."

Tags:postpartum, bipolar, relationship, parent

Abstract
The paper relates that in 1988, Woodside called for more studies of alcoholism's effects on children noting comorbid conditions that tend to run in families to present many alcoholics. The paper then discusses two papers of 2007 that address a possible link between ADHD in the children of alcoholics and eventual alcohol abuse and also antisocial or depressive alcoholic parents and addiction in offspring. The paper also notes how alcoholism involves a prism of factors and a puzzle in each patient to be resolved. The paper argues that research must continue in biochemical and experiential fields.

From the Paper
"The American specialist, Migs Woodside, argued at a symposium almost 20 years ago that there was good understanding of the effects of alcoholism in families and what could become of exposed children. (1988) However, more research was needed into levels of child vulnerability and risk factors for the children of alcoholics in combination with studies of genetic and psychosocial predisposition to alcoholism in offspring. Researchers should also work to promote and disseminate their findings given that Woodside estimated one in eight American children to be the children of alcoholics towards a national total of 28.6 million children..."

Tags:woodside, genetic, environmental

Abstract
This paper explains that research indicates that adolescents of alcoholic parents are prone to developing abnormal behavior due to environmental, cognitive and biological influences. The author points out that mental disorders, such as depression or anxiety, are common side effects of adolescents who are subjected to an environment where the parents are alcoholics. The paper states that children from these homes often demonstrate behavioral problems, such as stealing and fighting, and often are diagnosed as having conduct disorders. The author underscores that children of alcoholic parents are raised in an environment where alcohol consumption compensates for the lack of social skills. The paper states that these children suffer academically because of the parent's lack of support for their child at school. The author stresses the importance of identifying protective factors and educating society to reduce the hazards of abnormal behavior in children of alcoholic parents.

From the Paper
"Along with environmental factors, children of alcoholics can suffer from cognitive misperceptions and dichotomous thinking. For example, when children experience feelings of guilt due to their parents drinking and assume that it is their fault, this is a form of illogical and dichotomous thinking. The children develop illogical thought patterns and self-blame primarily due to their parents not taking responsibility for their drinking, which will eventually lead to abnormal behaviors by the child."

Tags:socialization, genetics, school, depression, therapy

From the Paper
"The purpose of this paper is to examine the mental health and stability of children in single-parent homes, as well as to analyze the child's capacity to form lasting relationships. we will also look at parental separation, depression, school behavior and adjustment, sexual development and identity problems faced by these children, and the parent's role in preventing or abetting these problems.

Millions of children in America today live in single-parent households, the vast majority of these families consisting of a working mother and one or more children. As the divorce rate increases, this situation is likely to grow. Before looking at the effects of this type of environment on the child himself, we should first examine some basic facts about single working parents."

Abstract
This paper explores learning disabilities that affect academic performance. Some of the more common forms of this category of learning disability is dyslexia (problems reading, or understanding what is written), dysgraphia (problems with handwriting or writing in a way the makes sense), and dyscalculia (problems with abstract math or calculations). The paper discusses how children with learning disabilities may be affected, how depression is often the primary cause of learning disabilities in children, treatment approaches, and the importance of the teacher in obtaining help for children with learning disabilities.


Table of Contents:
Understanding Learning Disabilities
Effects on the Home and School Environment
The Teacher and the Child with Learning Disabilities
Treatment and Help

From the Paper
"The connection between learning disabilities and depression needs to be taken seriously by teachers. Students with poor reading skills are more likely to drop out of school and have a suicide rate that is three times that of the normally reading population. The school plays an important role in the development of the child's emotional development. Difficulties at school can lead to difficulties in the emotional, social and family functioning of the child. It is estimated that only 1/4 to 1/3 of the children needing school receive the needed treatment."

Tags:parents, academic performance, struggling atmosphere suicide