Abstract Media portrayals of third world children making shoes, shirts, or rugs for sale in their homelands have provoked calls for trade sanctions and boycotts against companies and countries that use children as their cheap labour source. This paper argues that the simple abolition of childlabour in a third world nation is not the best way of helping third world children. It looks at how one has to understand the complex relationship between childlabour and the rights of children and their unique social, economic and cultural backgrounds and norms if one is to help improve living conditions of the marginalized group of children in third world nations.
From the Paper "According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), there were some 211 million children ages five to fourteen at work in economic activity in the world in 2000, which is a little less than one-fifth of all children in this age group. Over one hundred and twenty million are employed full-time and one hundred and thirty million combine their works with non-economic activities, such as helping chores, running errands, or babysitting their younger siblings. In the Asia and Pacific region, nineteen per cent of children ages five to fourteen are economically active, Latin America and Caribbean sixteen per cent, and Sub-Saharan Africa twenty nine per cent. "
Abstract This paper discusses the issue of child labor and outworking. The author looks at the ethical arguments that have surfaced and the implications that this type of labor proposes for governments, industries as well as citizens with special reference to Australia. The author also proposes alternatives for the future.
From the Paper "Some say that child labor and outworking is, ?modern day slavery in the real sense.? (Kailash Satyarthi; The Australian, 27/08/98). People turn to these two forms of employment for diverse reasons and there are many ethical arguments involved in these types of labor. Consumers should be aware of the issues of child labor and outworkers, because they can have some implications for consumers, not only overseas in less developed countries, but also for Australians. There are many different paths that can be taken towards helping to solve the ethical disputes of outworkers and child labor, although some approaches gain better results than others."
Tags:child, consumer, employment, ethical, homeworker, labour, outworker, slavery, work
Abstract This paper discusses globalization and global labour patterns. The paper argues that in a globalized world corporations are determining the labour conditions in both developed and developing countries. It suggests that the corporations are essentially making cheap, unskilled and flexible labourers.
From the Paper "Globalization and Global Labour Patterns Globalization is one of the most controversial issues in politics and economics. In "Note on Terminalogy" David McNally defines globalization as, "The mainstream term for the new world Economy of the past twenty years" (McNally 9). How exactly has the world economy changed? While discussing the political and economic changes that have occurred over the last three decades Teeple explains, A system of highly integrated world trade was an irreversible fact by the end of the 1970s, confirmed and hastened by the new means of transportation and communications, whose increased productivity were transforming the worldwide distribution of products and hence the global conditions for valorization (Teeple 71)."
Abstract This paper examines the chapter entitled "Housewifization International: Women and the New International Division of Labour", written by Maria Mies. The paper discusses concepts presented in this chapter, such as the role of women in the globalization of labour. The paper presents the writers views on the matter.
From the Paper "Women in the International Division of Labour Maria Mies' chapter entitled "Housewifization International: Women and the New International Division of Labour" examines the role of women in the globalization of labour. I found this chapter extremely useful, as I have recently been learning about the evils attendant upon globalization, but I have not learned about the genderized nature of this movement. In fact, I realize that a gender lens has been conspicuously absent from most of what I have read, and therefore this chapter is valuable in terms of filing in that gap."
Abstract This paper compares the thinking of Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim on the division of labour and social change. It analyzes how each theorist addresses similar social political and economic issues from fundamentally distinct perspectives. The paper demonstrates a critical point of difference between the two thinkers and how that lies in their understanding of the social function of the division of labour and how, in the view of Marx, it leads to social oppression and class conflict, while in the view of the functionalist Durkheim its consequences include individualism and civilization with social solidarity as its function.
Abstract This paper discusses how the Canadian labour market is currently experiencing a perfect storm of circumstances that is creating an environment conducive to some of the best employment data in decades. The paper further discusses how analysts point out that the low unemployment figures, between 4 and 5 percent, have fuelled housing related spending as well as benefited from the high prices of natural commodities where those industries have greatly expanded operations over the last 5 years. Yet, in spite of such strong economic support for continued employment strength, analysts are also quick to note that continued inflationary pressures combined with global market related factors related to competitive labour practices are sure to affect an overall increase in unemployment figures over the next several years
Abstract This paper discusses two cases of labour relations and management issues in Canada, namely the Navistar case in Ontario and the Western Customer Management Inc. case in British Columbia. The paper briefly discusses the legal ramifications of the use of scabs and Ontario's decision in 1995 to lift the anti-scab legislation, which led to the injury of six Navistar employees during a strike.
From the Paper "Why is Western management denying us access to free democratic vote? When it comes to union organization, it is illegal for employers to interfere and prohibit the creation of unions. In Canada, it is against the law for employers to use intimidation tactics and harassment in an effort to discourage employees from joining a union. Organizations are prohibited from discriminating and demoting workers based on their union membership. Under federal and provincial labour laws, employers are permitted to express their opinions so long as they do not commit illegal labour practices ("Your Rights", 2005, para. 4). "
Abstract This paper addresses gender discrimination in the Canadian labour force. The paper makes the argument that there is a wage gap between men and women in Canada. The paper discusses theories as to why this wage gap may exist and if this is likely to change in the future.
From the Paper "Gender Discrimination in the Canadian Labour Force Gender discrimination continues to be a problem in the Canadian workforce. Women in particular are still experiencing a wage gap in the labour force. According to Lois Moorcroft in Newfoundland Women Want Pay Equity Too, "...Full-time working women still earn only 72.5 per cent of men's salaries" (Moorcroft 2005: 6). A great deal of time and effort is being spent in order to try and rectify this situation. For example, In the 1950s, the federal government and seven of the ten provinces enacted legislation enabling 'equal pay for equal work (England and Gad 2002: 283)."
Abstract The paper explores the role of the child protection agencies in protecting our children and questions whether state laws are helping or hindering the process. The paper explains the types of abuse and presents research data that demonstrates the increase in child abuse every year. The paper also reviews the history of child abuse and discusses the challenges that are faced today by the child protection system and what can be done to improve the child protective services (CPS).
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
What is Child Abuse and Neglect?
History of Child Abuse
Types of Abuse
What Factors Contribute to Child Abuse?
Understanding the Impact of Historic Policies on Child Maltreatment
Child Abuse and Neglect Laws and State Statutes
The Role of Child Protective Services
The Consequences of Child Abuse
Social Intervention Strategies
Conclusion
Recommendations for Policy Changes
From the Paper "According to Tzeng et al (1991) children throughout history have been the victims of child abuse. There have even been some archeological findings that have suggested that child abuse existed as far back as prehistoric times. In many societies corporal punishment was seen as the norm and was used to discipline children. Child abuse has also been used to educate children as it pertains to cultural and religious ideas and morals. The corporal punishment or abuse of children was also utilized to please gods or expel unwanted spirits.
"The author points out that in the rituals of ancient Greeks and Romans children were sacrificially killed. In addition in some civilizations fathers, in accordance with the Patria Protestas of 700 B.C., could legally trade, maim, or kill their children if the so desired. Children were also killed in Ancient Greek Societies when they were found to be deformed or retarded because it was believed that such children would weaken the society. This was allowed because children were believed to be property."
Abstract A six part paper on the issue of child abuse. The paper defines and offers a history of child abuse. It then evaluates why child abuse exists according to control theory and anomy theory and how socialization agents such as educational/school systems, family, mass media, and peer groups may intervene to eliminate or reduce the occurrence of child abuse is outlined. Finally it reviews the consequences for society/social institutions and future generations if child abuse is not eliminated or reduced.
From the Paper "Utilizing the principles of anomie theory in relation to child abuse, it could be argued that individuals who have become alienated, apathetic, and personal distress as a result of experiencing an emotional and/or financial loss due to the loss of a family member, job, or lover may be more likely to abuse their child. For example, an individual may be laid off from his or her job, become depressed and/or extremely alienated or apathetic, and then turn to alcohol and/or drugs for comfort. Given the alcohol and/or drugs tend to be a depressant, an individual may become overly sensitive and unable to control his or her emotions, which may lead that individual to abuse his or her child as a result of losing his or her perceived function, goals, position, purpose, or status in life."
Abstract Describes the current state and extent of child mining in Tanzania. Elaborates on the prepathogenesis of child labor in Tanzania. Discusses primary prevention involving mobile health clinics for child laborers, i.e. vaccinations, primary care, hearing and vision protection, and informal public health classes on water & sanitation, STD/HIV/AIDS, and child rights.
Outline:
Scope of the Problem: Child Workers and Small-Scale Mining in Tanzania
Pre-Pathogenesis
Primary Prevention
From the Paper "An estimated one million children work in small-scale mining and quarrying throughout the world. These children carry heavy loads, inhale dust and other particles, work in small spaces underground with no ventilation, and stand for long periods of time knee- or hip deep in water. They work long hours, on average ten to fourteen hours per day. They are paid low wages, sometimes none at all if they work with their families as a unit. According to the International Labor Organization, mining/quarrying activities is classified as one of the worst forms of child labor (Ofosu, 2001). The extent to which the involvement of children in mining/quarrying negatively impacts their short- and long-term health outcomes categorizes this phenomenon as a major public health problem."
Abstract This paper examines how the author, a specialist in child care and a teacher of special need children, addresses the sensitive issue of a child abuse victim being accused of a horrible crime to another child. This paper discusses the sensitive issues of the book and how it can be used as a guide for both a teacher and a parent when addressing children with special needs.
From the Paper "The book One Child by Torey L. Hayden details the psychological and physical rehabilitation of a young girl named Sheila who had committed a horrific crime against another child. Sheila however, was herself the victim of a crime. Sheila was abandoned by her mother on a highway. The author of this nonfiction, first-person account named Torey Hayden, the girl's teacher, had to deal with both the young girl's loss of her mother, which motivated the girl to commit such an action. Hayden also had to deal with losses the girl experienced because of the unconscionable living environment she finds herself in. This book is instructive for a student of nursing as well as a student of teaching because it illustrates how loss is not always a concrete event, especially in the life of a child. Rather, loss becomes part of the development of the child's personality unless intervention and proper counseling occur."
Abstract In this essay, the writer discusses a research proposal to determine whether the use of a certain kind of anti-child abuse training in high school - using a form of "Think It Over" dolls - can effectively reduce the incidence of child abuse. This study is thus necessarily a longitudinal one and may (because of the complexity of the issue of child abuse) be less conclusive than one might like. However, the writer claims that an intervention strategy that reduces child abuse even to a small degree would be worth considering given the stakes involved.
From the Paper "We all know that child abuse is a terrible thing. We also know as a society many of the conditions that make parents and other adults more likely to abuse children. And yet despite our collective revulsion at child abuse and despite the fact that we are aware of the contributing conditions to child abuse, the rates at which children are neglected or abused continue at horrifyingly high levels. Federal and state statistics indicate that child abuse and neglect collectively are either the primary or a secondary cause of ... "
Abstract The writer of this article defines and discusses the issues and statistics surrounding the issue of child abuse and neglect. In this paper, a definition of child abuse is provided. The writer also discusses the short and long term effects of child abuse.
From the Paper "Child abuse is currently in the news seemingly more now than ever, however it is a problem that has been around throughout the ages. Child abuse is usually self-perpetuating and unlikely to stop unless the causes of the abuse are recognized and a concerted effort made by the community to prevent the cycle of abuse to continue. The social problem of child maltreatment has come to be predominantly defined as physical child abuse. The best definition of child abuse is a general ... "
Tags:child abuse, child neglect, causes of abuse and neglect
