Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood. The writer maintains that treatment is based on as many factors as possible and also is based on a holistic view of the child since asthma may be a possible risk factor and linked with psychosocial development. The writer points out that assessment must be focused on what triggered the asthma episode, and treatment is always aimed at control, but control denotes giving the child long-term control over his/her life. The writer concludes that treatment for asthma is on a continuum and is aimed at control or management.

Outline:
Introduction
Asthma as a Current Issue
Pathophysiology of Asthma
Treatment
Summary

From the Paper
"Treatment of asthma is not directed at cure but at control. Control of asthma leads to reduced and infrequent symptoms and allows the child to have an active life as well as quality of life. The optimal management of asthma requires adequate evaluation of the child and his or her environment. Asthma control is achieved through assessment based on specific criteria. The nurse practitioner must be able to identify the symptoms of asthma accurately because symptoms often are mistakenly prioritized. Wheezing, for instance, is commonly regarded as the most common characteristic of asthma. However, coughing is present even in hidden asthma, and frequent coughing or respiratory infections indicate the likelihood of asthma. Coughing which follows running or crying may indicate asthma as well as a recurrent night cough. Recurrent night cough is common, as asthma is often worse at night. Chest tightness and shortness of breath are symptoms of asthma that may be observed alone or in combination with other symptoms. Other common symptoms are nasal flaring, fatigue or irritability."

Tags:disease, control, airways, breathing

Abstract
This paper gives an overview of asthma, its causes and treatment. According to the paper, asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood. The paper points out that treatment is based on as many factors as possible and also is based on a holistic view of the child since asthma may be a possible risk factor and linked with psychosocial development. The paper concludes by stating that assessment must be focused on what triggered the asthma episode, and treatment is always aimed at control, but control denotes giving the child long-term control over their life.

From the Paper
"Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood. Treatment is based on as many factors as possible and also is based on a holistic view of the child since asthma may be a possible risk factor and linked with psychosocial development. Assessment must be focused on what triggered the asthma episode, and treatment is always aimed at control, but control denotes giving the child long-term control over their life. Asthma as a Current Issue Asthma is a chronic disease affecting the interior walls of the airways..."

Tags:child, treatment, symptoms

Abstract
This paper presents a detailed case of a child with asthmatic symptoms that are discovered to be exacerbated by Parainfluenza A, which contributed to the onset of his asthma. The author points out that the severity of asthma varies greatly from child to child, from a cough associated with exercise or at night to a catastrophic shortness of breath that leads to death. The paper points out that the inability of endogenous, circulating, catecholamines to induce reversal of bronchoconstriction may reflect one or more defects in the patient with asthma. Figure: Asthma Mechanisms

Table of Contents
CC
Pt. Introduction
Admission to System
Pt. Physical Assessment
Lab Data
Isolated for parainfluenza
Diagnostic Data
Medications-Previous
Medications Ordered
Singular
Flovent MDI
Albuterol MDI
Solumedrol
Ranitidine
Ceftriaxone
Treatment
Clinical Course
Pathophysiology of CC
Lab Data
Diagnostic Data
Medications
Summary

From the Paper
"The primary mechanical effects of asthma on the lung as a result of BMP are increased work of breathing to overcome airway obstruction and hyperinflation attributable to progressive air trapping results from a ball-valve effect in the airways and causes ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch and right-to-left shunting of unoxygenated blood through the lungs. V/Q mismatch and the increased oxygen demand on the respiratory muscles as they work to overcome airway obstruction result in significant hypoxia early in the course of a wheezing episode. This hypoxia stimulates tachypnea, which partially compensates for the V/Q mismatch and is reflected by significant hypocarbia. If airway obstruction is not rapidly reversed, air trapping and V/Q mismatch can progress till decreased ventilation occurs, Pco2 rises, and ultimately respiratory failure ensues."

Tags:parainfluenza, trapping, medication, diagnosis, laboratory

Abstract
In this article the chronic disease of pediatric asthma is explained in detail. The writer also discusses common medications and non-traditional treatments for this disorder. The essay covers the personal experiences of an asthmatic toddler and provides a personal interview of a mother with an asthmatic three year old. This paper puts a personal spin on the information presented. In addition, the writer looks at the physical, developmental and financial effects asthma can have on the child and families involved. Current research and treatments associated with this incurable disease are also discussed.

This paper includes a table of costs for de-triggering a home and a diagram of the lungs.

From the Paper
"Sal still needs his Albuteral inhaler but Debi no longer uses the nebulizer on him. The Plumicort Sal used to use has also been eliminated from his treatment plan due to the side effects he had encountered. Normally hitting the 95% range for both height and weight, it was a real wake-up call for both Debi and Sal's doctor when Sal did not grow nor gain any weight in over six months pushing him down the 25% for weight and 50% for height. He has been off Plumicort for approximately eighteen months now but he is still fairly small (10% for weight, 25% for height)."
"Flovent is another corticosteroid used to prevent inflammation of the lungs. It is different from Plumicort in that it can be administered with an inhaler and the treatment period is generally shorter. It has many of the same side effects as Plumicort such as a decrease in growth, however since treatment periods are shorter it is believed that the side effects are less severe."

Tags:Plumicort, lungs, air, pollutants, breath, wheeze

Abstract
This paper presents a proposal for the treatment of the psychological distress experienced by the mother (Mrs. M) of an 11- year-old child (Rita) with asthma. It discusses how psychological distress is defined as an internal response to a stressor (i.e., having a child with a chronic illness) that is commonly associated with negative psycho-emotional aspects such as anger, anxiety, depression and sometimes guilt.

Outline
The Problem
Case History
The Intervention
Treatment Predictions

From the Paper
"Given the foregoing, it seems reasonable to recommend cognitive therapy aimed at restructuring Mrs. M's thought patterns. Most likely Mrs. M should receive Rational Emotion Therapy which is based on the principle that irrational assumptions and patterns of thinking lead to psychoemotional problems. According to the Albert Ellis Institute (1999), this form of cognitive therapy postulates that how we emotionally respond at any moment depends on our interpretations---our views, our beliefs, our thoughts---of the situation. In other words, the things we think and say to ourselves, not what actually happens to us, constitute those factors that cause our positive or negative emotions."

Tags:anger, anxiety, depression, cognitive, therapy

Abstract
This papers addresses issues related to the punishment of child abusers, the first step of which is identifying the abusive parent. Factors that prevent this are outlined. The effects of violent and sexual abuse are discussed. Legal issues are raised.

From the Paper
"A little boy is sitting on a park bench. He is covered with bruises. His mouth is swollen and his eyes are purplish-black. His arm is wrapped in a white cast. His eyes tell a message that many adults do not seem to hear to hear, "Help me! I cannot help myself. Can you please help me?"

"A little girl is sitting on her bed with her arms wrapped around her bear. She is crying because she knows what is coming next. Soon her father will be in to have her take care of his needs-the sexual needs he feels he has."

Tags:bruise, damage, neglect, molest, sexual, trauma, welfare

Abstract
This paper examines the impact of the United Nations' Convention on the Rights of the Child upon the treatment of children in war-torn Africa. The paper briefly details the impact of the UN convention upon the treatment of children in Africa and what the UN plans upon doing to those who mistreat the young and defenseless. Additionally, the paper describes ways in which children are mistreated and abused on the African continent and underscores the types of abuse children in Liberia and Sierra Leone must endure at the hands of adults.

From the Paper
"The following paper will look at the impact of the United Nations' Convention on the Rights of the Child upon the treatment of children in war-torn Africa. The paper will briefly detail the impact - it appears to be a marginal one at first glance - of the UN convention upon the treatment of children in Africa and what the UN plans upon doing to those who mistreat the young and defenceless. The next few pages will also briefly detail some of the ways in which children are mistreated and abused on the African continent and will underscore the types of abuse..."

Tags:convention, right, child

Abstract
Asthma is an intermittent disorder, which affects the patient from time to time. Resistance to airflow may be triggered by external factors, such as inhalation of substances, or resistance can occur without any external stimuli. The paper explains that the clinical symptoms of asthma include wheezing, chest tightness, and breathlessness. It also shows that, in America alone, there are more than seventeen million people suffering from asthma, and asthma attacks alone are responsible for some 500,000 hospitalizations every year. The paper presents details of the disease and explores treatment options.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
What is Asthma?
Asthma and the Immune System
Diagnosis of Asthma
Radioallergoabsorbent Test [RAST]
Prick Tests
Treatment
Steroids
Bronchodialators
Conclusion
Bibliography

From the Paper
"Our lungs are equipped with elaborate defense methods to guard against the potential invasion of foreign bodies. The tiny hair like protrusions called the cilia, constitutes the first line of defense. The cilia pushes the trapped particles (along with the mucus) into the mouth which we swallow and the pathogens are destroyed by the action of the digestive enzymes. The bronchioles constitute the second line of defense."

Tags:bronchial, tubes, histamine

From the Paper
"The Impact of Parental Substance Abuse on Child Abuse
Introduction
KidsCampaign (1998), a national foster care organization, reported that of all the recent trends in child welfare, perhaps none has been more troubling than the increase in cases of child abuse and neglect resulting from parental abuse of alcohol and drugs. In this regard, the organization states that nearly 3.1 million American children are, each year, reported to child protective services as abused or neglected; and substance abuse was found to be a factor in a majority of these cases.
It is further reported by the organization that research conducted by the Child Welfare League of America and other organizations have found that substance abuse to be a factor in at least 75 percent of all placements in out-of-home care. It is..."

Abstract
This paper discusses the role of ketamine as a smooth muscle relaxant and antihistamine, which, along with its anesthetic effects proves useful in the treatment of asthma. The paper highlights case studies performed on effectivity along with commenting on the need to exercise caution with asthmatic patients who have co-morbid cardiac disorders.

From the Paper
"Nosworthy (1999) states that Ketamine is the induction agent most likely to be chosen when an asthmatic patient requires endotrachial intubation, providing marked patient improvement, possibly due to Ketamine's smooth muscle relaxant and antihistamine effects. Long (2003) tells us that Ketamine is often used as a method of managing bronchial spasms associated with asthma. Galbis-Reig and Rasansky (2004) presented the case of a 47-year-old male asthmatic with co-morbid depression and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) presenting to the Emergency Department (ED) with dyspnea and cough that was successfully treated with Ketamine. The patient had been using his albuterol inhaler without significant improvement prior to arriving at the ED, still smoked a pack of cigarettes a day and was taking azmacort, combivent, sertraline and methocarbamol as prescribed (Galbis-Reig & Rasansky, 2004)."

Tags:ketamine, asthma, treatment