Abstract This paper discusses the tragedy of the commons, explaining the concept of "commons" as any kind of resource which is divided up and shared by a group of people. The paper examines issues of ownership as opposed to stewardship. The paper analyzes ChiefSeattle's well-known 1854 speech regarding possession of the land, in which he expounds upon a Native-American belief of stewardship of the land.
From the Paper "As capitalists first and Americans second, we believe strongly in the concept of ownership. We own and use the Earth and the material goods Earth's raw materials help us produce, and feel a proprietary command over them. When Communism developed as an alternative to the concept of unadulterated ownership, we responded with the fear and anger of one whose child had been taken. Ownership of the land, its materials and its spoils are more integral to American society and thought than any other characteristics or facets. However, this concept is subject to the limitations and inevitable truth of the tragedy of the commons, and we will eventually be dupes to this incontrovertible logic."
Tags: stewardship, possession, earth, native, american
Abstract The president of the United States is known as the commander in chief, the chief of state, the chief administrator and the chief legislator. This paper explores how the presidents of the past and the present have carried out those duties, and what those duties mean. It also examines how the "chief" roles of the president have changed throughout history and how the presidency is much different now than it was in the past.
From the Paper "The President of the United States is a Chief. He is the head of several governmental areas and is seen as the responsible party for these areas. He is the Chief of State, Chief Administrator, Chief Legislator and Chief of the United States armed forces. His leadership in these areas has, over time, changed. The Presidency has evolved to a point where the President of the United States has more power than any other person or office in the United States. This power has at times been bestowed upon the office of the President and it has, at times been usurped by the President in office. Each time that the Presidency has gained power in the past it has not given up its gains. In law, there is a principle known as stare decisis. It means that every decision that is made by a judge is predicated on the decisions of judges past. It is rare that a judge breaks from the legal precedent. The same goes for the Presidency. Over the past 220 years the office has gained power and the "Chief" has become more and more involved in all aspects of governance."
Abstract There are many environmental groups which have a tremendous effect on the policy of the United States with regards to the environment. This paper explores how three of these groups, the Sierra Club, Environmental Defense, and the National Audubon Society have exerted their power to effect federal governmental policy. The paper gives the background and mission of these organizations as well as some notable accomplishments and further goes on to explore their sources of power in exerting their influence as well as the claims that they have too much undue influence over federal government policy.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Sierra Club
Environmental Defense
National Audubon Society
Influence of Environmental Groups
Conclusion
From the Paper "These are some heavy charges to be levied against the environmental groups and those who the Center for the Defense of Free enterprise feels are in concert with it. One of the reasons this group might feel this way is because groups such as the Sierra Club, Environmental defense, and the national Audubon Society have pushed for years to keep the rainforests from being cut down which hurts the interest of lumber group. They have also pushed for tougher standards for car emissions hurting the interests of car makers, and they have pushed for standards on how companies can dispose of their waste products which often costs companies millions to comply."
Tags: Sierra, Environmental, Defense, National, Audubon, Society
A discussion on ensuring that environmental policies are translated correctly by corporations, in order to combat organizational barriers to policy implementation, as discussed in the article "ISO 14001: A Case of Cultural Myopia" published in the Eco-M
Abstract This paper reviews an article entitled: "ISO 14001: A Case of Cultural Myopia" published in the Eco-Management and Auditing Journal in June, 2000 by John Moxen and Peter A. Strachen and relates that the purpose of the article is to add to the process of evaluation of the efficacy of the ISO 14001 system of environmental management. The paper comments that the system's purpose is for ensuring that environmental policies are translated properly by corporations from the environmental policies into the behaviors of the organization and specifically for combating "organizational barriers to policy implementation." After discussing the situation the paper comments that it is obvious from the review of this journal article that ISO 14001 does not hold great promise for enabling successful and effective environmental management within corporations.
From the Paper "The danger presented by ISO 14001 is that it has the capacity to create additional barriers to effective and creative environmental management strategies and solutions. The systems of hierarchy prescribed in ISO 14001 are very likely to effectuate what Moxen and Strachen term a "role culture" which is a culture that vests much value in tradition and precedents and observation of rules of a formal nature and is a culture that effectively places impassable barriers to creative and innovative strategic environmental management. Moxen and Strachen conclude by stating that "environmental programmes are more likely to be implemented successfully when environmental management systems are organic and support a task-based culture."
Abstract This paper focuses on environmental scanning, a process involving gathering, analyzing and dispensing information for the purpose of formulating strategic moves that will give a company a competitive advantage. The paper provides details on research from an environmental scan conducted for ManTech International that includes the remote, industry and operating environment. The paper also identifies changes that are expected to affect ManTech International. The author suggests how ManTech can benefit from the environmental scan by using the external and internal sources of information received from the environmental analysis to identify challenges and opportunities.
Outline:
Remote, Industry and Operating Environment
SWOT Analysis
Strategic Long Term Objectives
Conclusion
From the Paper "Formulating strategic long term objectives can be achieved through profitability, productivity, Competitive Positioning, Employee Development, Employee Relations, Technological Leadership and Public Responsibility. One of ManTech's long-term objective will involve dominating the defense contractor industry. This strategy falls under the competitive positioning strategy. Currently Lockheed Martin, our competitor holds the dominating status. The status is obtained through greatest revenue. Employee development is the second long-term objective for ManTech. Developing employees through education and training not only provide the employees with chance for higher pay and job security, but it also provides ManTech with greater productivity levels and a decrease in employee turnover."
Tags: case study, strategic planning, environmental scan
Abstract The anthologized book "Environmental Victims", as edited by noted scholar of environmental and social justice Christopher Williams, contains a poem by a child at its very onset, as a tribute to the diversity of accounts and authors it contains within its pages, as well as a way of grabbing the reader's attention. The paper explains how the book's stated aim is to present a series of voices and versions of environmental destruction, to create a persuasive and pervasive picture of the harms caused by modern industry to the reader. It points out that the book uses nontraditional scientific forms of expression, such as verse, to move the heart as well as the head of the reader to social action on a global as well as on a community-wide level.
From the Paper "The poem by the child of an environmentally damaged community, one of the many unjustly environmental communities catalogued over the course of the book is entitled "The Disgrace of Shell Oil." Its first words are, "Icky oil all over our feet/ Black waters/ our food has run away/Plants have gone bad..." (10). The poem, which has a raw persuasive power, is by a grade-school age child, one eight-year-old Mali McGee. A casual reviewer might be tempted to dismiss this as mere sentimentality, of course. Yet Mali's poem is truthful as well as the production of a mere child. It paints a literal picture of oil as well as has a figurative power. This is the oil so often discussed in the modern media that nations war over, causing environmental as well as social and politician tensions and destruction."
Abstract This paper discusses environmental racism and reveals the nature of environmental justice and its demands. It explores the effect of pollution on low-income populations from a positive and negative perspective. It examines the disproportionate number of waste sites placed in poor and blighted neighborhoods by corporations.
From the Paper "Environmental racism exists wherever low income or minority communities bear a disproportionate exposure to the pollutants put into the environment by major corporations. Hazardous waste sites are all too often placed in already blighted communities inhabited ..."
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses the rise of the environmental movement in the west. The writer makes specific reference to the characteristics of the environmental movement, with the objective of finding out how to maximize membership of the environmental movement.
From the Paper This paper attempts to gain insight into the dynamics of the environmental movement, specifically in regard to its growth in the West. This is done by reviewing the relevant literature, theories and studies.
Abstract The Environmentally Preferable Purchasing program was launched in 1993 by the US government with the aim of encouraging government agencies to give purchasing preference to products based on their environmental and health impact. The paper's author describes and discusses the operation of the program since its conception. The writer of the paper then goes on to describe other organizations both in the US and internationally that work to encourage government and commercial concerns to purchase environmentally friendly and healthy products.
From the Paper "Naturally, other nations have made attempts to create environmentally advantageous partnerships between government purchasers and suppliers. Efforts in Asia are largely being led by the International Green Purchasing Network, a Japanese organization that is designed to facilitate environmentally conscious purchasing among governmental and private industries. Structurally, IGPN is designed to have a global impact. According to the IGPN Web site, while the organization is chaired by a University of Tokyo professor, citizens from Malaysia, Korea, Sweden, the United States and several other nations occupy key positions on IGPN's advisory boards and management committees. IGPN regularly holds trade fairs and seminars in other nations, particularly Asian countries, where rapidly growing economies are causing environmental stress. IGPN differs from the EPP program in that a large part of its mission is promotional. It promotes the development of green products and, according to its Web site, has helped implement green labeling in a handful of countries, such as Korea, to make the identification of environmentally friendly products easier. Further, through its trade shows and training, IGPN works to facilitate connections between green companies and potential purchasers, and also helps train companies on how to purchase in a more environmentally conscious manner. Another key difference between IGPN and the EPP program, of course, is that IGPN focuses on building coalition partners around the world."
Tags: federal government, environmental health, supply chain, raw materials, purchasing suppliers IGPN green
Abstract This paper looks at the attempt to dump unwanted projects that pose a large number of health and environmental risks, on poor and minority communities. The paper addresses the racial bias reflected in the environmental decisions made by the City of Los Angeles, and uses the Vernon incinerator case as an example of the city's decision-making process and how organized communities can fight back.
From the Paper "The Mothers of East Los Angeles actually came together before the Vernon incinerator proposals appeared on the horizon. They originally sought to prevent the construction of an eighth penal institution to their neighborhood. The Mothers of East Los Angeles began meeting regularly at their church in 1984 to discuss the problems facing their community. They developed a political awareness and began traveling to Sacramento to make their views known to state legislators and officials. These elderly women became well-known in the state capitol and managed in time to bring legal action against the prison plan, leaving it in abeyance indefinitely while in the courts. They soon had another project to occupy their time. In 1985, the state had started the process for building the first largescale hazardous waste incinerator in a metropolitan area, and it was to be placed right in the middle of East Los Angeles where the Mothers lived."
Abstract This paper looks at how environmental problems often cause people to leave their homes to look for new places to live. The paper discusses the causes and effects of this migration, the reasons why people are forced to leave their homeland and the specific environmental disruptions, such as economics, population growth, crowded cities, air pollution, natural disasters, climate changes, lack of potable water etc., that cause the migration.
Abstract This paper claims that according to the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, financial statements can be produced in a variety of forms to serve a wide range of purposes in determining the economic viability of an organization. Firstly the paper reviews reviews the use of the balance sheet demonstrates the assets, liabilities and shareholders equity. Secondly, income statements demonstrate income and loss of the organization over a period of time. Third, cash flow statements provide information as to the historical flow of money through the organization, as well as determine if there is a sufficient monetary amount to satisfy debts in the course of business. Finally, a shareholder's equity statement is explored.
From the Paper "According the United States Securities and Exchange Commission financial statements can be produced in a variety of forms, to serve a wide range of purposes in determining the economic viability of an organization. First, a balance sheet demonstrates a company's " assets, liabilities and shareholders' equity" ("Beginners", 2004, sec. 3). These are the items that a company may have on hand that are of value, the debts of the company, and the monetary worth of the company, after debts, if it were sold ("Beginners", 2004, sec. 3). Secondly, income statements demonstrate income and loss of the organization over a period of time ("Beginners", 2004, sec. 4). Third, cash flow statements provide information as to the historical flow of money through the organization, as well as determine if there is a sufficient monetary amount to satisfy debts in the course of business ("Beginners", 2004, sec. 5). Finally, a shareholder's equity statement ..."
Abstract This paper points out that economics and environmental factors have been inextricably intertwined since economics developed into a distinct area of specialization. In fact while many consider the field of economics to be uniquely confined to monetary systems, other experts and analysts alike have for the last 150 years recognized that economic forces are dependent upon environmental factors such as the development of natural resources.
A look at whether corporations should be excused from criminal penalties when they voluntarily disclose environmental crimes that have occurred as a result of their corporate operations.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 7 sources, 2006, $ 71.95
Abstract This paper discusses environmental law and the issue of whether corporations should be excused from criminal penalties when they voluntarily disclose environmental crimes that have occurred as a result of the corporate operations, noting that the issue is raised in order to determine if it is better to get corporations to admit wrongdoing in order to bring about change and reduce the costs of enforcement or to insist on fines and punishment for the deterrent effect on other corporations.
From the Paper "Should corporations be excused from criminal penalties when they voluntarily disclose environmental crimes that have occurred as a result of the corporate operations? The issue is raised in order to determine if it is better to get corporations to admit wrongdoing in order to bring about change and reduce the costs of enforcement or to insist on fines and punishment for the deterrent effect on other corporations. There are arguments that can be raised in both sides of the issue, some suggesting that society benefits from giving corporations a greater incentive to be open even about criminal behavior and that punishment does not accomplish the benefits desired without adding more costs to the process, and some stating that society benefits only when wrongdoing is punished so that enforcement of the law is even-handed and so further wrongdoing is deterred."
Abstract This paper describes the balance sheet, the income statement and the statement of cash flows. It examines three companies, Exxon Mobil, Ford Motor Company and Microsoft, and asks and answers questions about their financial condition and future prospects
From the Paper "A Balance Statement is a financial statement showing assets, liabilities and net worth at a specific time. Under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) the following rules apply to the creation of balance sheets: assets are to be defined as items of value both tangible and intangible that a company owns or controls; liabilities are debt sowed by an organization; equity is a residual account; equity equals assets minus liabilities; current assets are assets that will become cash in the ordinary course of business within one year..."
Tags: balance sheet income statement, cash flow statement, GAAP, FASB, SEC, Ford Motor Company, Exxon Mobil, Microsoft, financial highlights
