Abstract This paper describes Chicago and New York City's revolutionary skyscraper architecture. It explains the history of each city and emphasizes their development and planning. The paper illustrates each city's history relating to its grid and individual events and explains how the skyscraper came into existence in each city and changed our urban world. The paper use historical illustrations and maps along with the written essay to describe the growth of skyscrapers in both cities
Table of Contents
I. Introduction
II. City Planning
III. Chicago's Early City Planning
IV. New York City's Early City Planning
V. How Skyscraper Height Evolved
VI. Skyscrapers in Chicago VII. Skyscrapers in New York City VIII. Skyscrapers Take Form
IX. Chicago's Interior Form
X. New York City's Interior Form
XI. A Final Thought
XII. Bibliography
XIII. Picture References
From the Paper "Architecture is an interesting art form due to its strong ties with the construction industry, which in turn a product of the socioeconomic behavior of a society. One of the grandest architectural accomplishments is the design and completion of a superstructure, known as the skyscraper. Since the turn of the century, the city fabric of two American cities, Chicago and New York City, have been involved in a heated race towards the sky. These superstructures continue to grow in size and in number due to advances in materials, structural designs, and technology. The function of the skyscraper is to serve as a commercial purpose. As these buildings cast heavy shadows over the busy city landscape, people notice their dominance and power. To the general public, big is good; in terms of building, the taller the better. Many people agree, as well as deny, that the skylines of Chicago and New York City are similar. To expose which acquisition is true, one first needs to discover how the skylines of these two cities have developed."
Tags: building, chicago, cities, city, construction, design, elevator, evolution, frame, general, grid, height, history, layout, materials, modern, new, religion, skyline, skyscraper, steel, structure, superstructure, support, technology, york
Abstract This essay explores inner city life in Chicago from the years 1900 to 1930. In this article the writer discusses various pressures on American cities at the beginning of the twentieth century. Further, the writer examines how the city of Chicago was shaped and grew out of the poor overcrowded neighborhoods.
From the Paper "At the turn of the century American cities were burgeoning under the pressures brought on by rapid immigration, urbanization, and industrialization. As thousands of immigrants flooded cities, none had the infrastructure to see the newcomers properly settled or evenly dispersed throughout densely populated neighborhoods. Pockets of decay grew out of the poorly settled neighborhoods--overcrowded, teeming with garbage and disease, crime, and poverty--divided by language, class, and ethnicity. It was these neighborhoods, however, that shaped and molded a city's fluctuating identity. This trend was exemplified in Chicago. By the end of the nineteenth-century Chicago could boast being the mightiest city in mid-America."
Abstract This paper briefly summarizes the article concerning the factors that are lacking in order to turn Chicago into a true global city and a leader in business headquarters. The writer then lists criticism about the article and examines each of these - unclear, narrow focus, failure to present strategies.
From the Paper "This is a timely report that addresses several valid and important aspects of globalization, including harvesting knowledge, building and sustaining a brand, integration of resources, and maintaining balance with the human element. The report, however, has several significant shortcomings that result in a lack of validity and broad applicability. The first is lack of clarity regarding the meaning of "globalization" and success in global markets. Second, the report has a narrow and local focus as it ignores external politics, markets, and consumers. Third, the report fails to address strategies for long-term sustainability of a global presence. "
Abstract This paper explores Carl Sandburg's use of literary tools in "Chicago" to emphasize the emotions of the poem. The use of diction to support the portrayal of Chicago as a city of laughter and pride is one of several aspects of the poem discussed in this paper.
From the Paper "Throughout the poem, Sandburg makes use of diction to support the portrayal of Chicago as a city of laughter and pride. He also uses diction to describe Chicago's downfalls, which later seem trivial compared to the city's tremendous merits. In the line "Stormy, husky, brawling" the poet uses word that are generally used to describe large, sturdy men, making Chicago appear not only stable, but more human. This sturdy humanlike figure created by the poet's diction comforts the reader, making he or she feel as if Chicago is watching out for them. Next, the poet goes on to answer the questions of Chicago's critics, admitting faults where they exist."
Abstract The paper discusses how the subsidized housing situation in Chicago is growing bleak, as it is doing in many of America's urban communities. The paper explains that the combination of a reduction in public housing and the increasing reliance on Section 8 has caused public housing situations to become critical. The paper notes that some have seen this development as an opportunity to segregate and a lawsuit has been filed to that effect. The paper discusses that whether or not this kind of accusation has a foundation in the truth is a subject of its own, but maintains that regardless of this, public housing is becoming scarcer and cities like Chicago will feel the negative effect more than most.
Abstract This paper describes the current political and social situation in Chicago with regard to racial mix, poverty, unemployment, prospects for future development, etc.
From the Paper "According to the census, Chicago has rebounded from a population loss because of significant immigration flows. Immigrants from Mexico now constitute nearly half the city's foreign born population, yet Chicago still remains one of the foremost U S gateways for Eastern European immigrant workers and their families. These inflows of immigrants have reduced the overall age of the Chicago population and are responsible for revitalizing both commercial and residential properties in many of the city's neighborhoods. Most of the new immigrants are settling in the..."
Abstract In this article the writer discusses the inner districts of Chicago between the years 1900-1930. The major two works concerning this subject and period were used for this article. The first was the 'JUNGLE' by Upton Sinclair. The second work was regarding the gold coast and the slums. The writer looks at a number of social conditions within the area. "
From the Paper "Chicago like many American cities in the early twentieth century was a place of contrasts. It was a place where immigrants came to fulfill their dreams but often realized their worst nightmares. It was the place where some lived in luxury while others lived in grinding poverty. It was the place in which industrialization was driving economic growth while the environment was being degraded. Written accounts of this period in Chicago's history are relatively consistent in their depictions of life in Chicago. To prove this point two different works are examined."
Abstract This paper reviews the life of Judy Chicago, born Judy Cohen in Chicago in 1939, and gained fame through her art, her writing, and her feminist activities. Her most famous piece of art is The Dinner Party, created in 1974 to 1979. (Lucie-Smith) According to the paper, it was created with the help of hundreds of volunteers. It is a most unusual work, comprising of a large triangular table, with ceramic plates representing thirty-nine feminist guests of honour. This paper discusses this piece arguing that - like most of Chicago's art - it weds Chicago's two greatest passions: art and feminism.
Abstract Saint Augustine presented the idea that faith and understanding (in the broad and narrow senses) go hand in hand. Because of this, his teachings were that to understand life, one must have faith, and to have faith, one must pursue an understanding of life. Augustine has proved to be one of the most influential thinkers in European and western history. While still a teenager, Augustine converted, became a priest, then the leader of the Church in North Africa, and, before he became Bishop and his writing career was virtually choked off, Augustine was a prolific producer of scriptural scholarly works. The "City of God", which was written between the years 413 and 426, was Augustine's response to the criticism leveled at Christianity by the pagans after they had sacked Rome in 410. This work represents Augustine's most significant contribution to Western religious thought and, like many personalized texts, takes on the Aristotelian method of posing questions to the self in an argumentative fashion and systematically refuting and explaining away each.
Abstract This paper discusses the events that led to the Chicago conspiracy trial of the Chicago Seven; its outcome, and its fairness. It looks at the 1968 protest at the Democratic National Convention and the acquittal of the defendants on conspiracy charges, as well as the conviction of some on lesser charges. The paper examines the courtroom behavior of the judge and the courtroom as a "street theatre."
From the Paper "There are few years in recent American history more generally turbulent tense and filled with public protests than the year inw hich President Lyndon B Johnson announced that he would not seek or accept a second term as president and ..."
Tags:Chicago Seven, 1968 Democratic Convention, Days of Rage
Abstract The paper compares and contrasts two of the United States' most conspicuously successful community policing initiatives: the New York COMPSTAT program and the Chicago CAPS program. The paper briefly describes both, delineates some of the differences and similarities between the two and ultimately concludes that a rigidly monolithic approach to community policing, at least if the New York and Chicago models are any indication, is not desirable or necessary.
From the Paper "In recent years, community policing has become increasingly prominent as police departments find themselves lacking the resources to combat crime in all of its various manifestations. With this in mind, the following paper will examine community policing in two communities - New York and Chicago - and ascertain where each is similar, and where each is different. Specifically, the paper will explicate "CAPS", discuss "COMPSTAT" strategies, compare the two, and - not least of all - delineate the contrasts between the two entities. Ultimately, what should become apparent is that there is not one effective means of combating crime. Peace-Officers.com, a respected web site written for and by police officers, simply defines community policing as "law enforcement that seeks to integrate officers into the local community to reduce crime and (to) gain good community relations" ("Glossary - Community Policing" 2004, para.1)."
Abstract The paper discusses how analyzing the social, economic and political effects of the Chicago World Fair of 1893 reveals the shocking hypocrisy that pervaded American society in the late nineteenth-century. In Gilded Age America, the wealthy and powerful were idealized and worshipped as social, economic and political icons, despite the fact that many of them were ruthless, corrupt, egomaniacs who considered themselves above the law. The paper discusses how the Chicago World Fair was a national monument to hypocrisy, for it was a microcosm of America itself in this era of greed and psychological self-delusion.
Abstract This paper presents a critical review of "The Port Chicago Mutiny" by Robert L. Allen, a mutiny that took place in the ammunition depot of a shipyard in 1944. The paper examines Allen's methodology, thesis and the short- and long-term ramifications of the court martial.
From the Paper "The largest mutiny trial in the history of the United States took place because of events not on board a ship but at a shipyard. Fifty men were tried and convicted of mutiny based on their failure to ..."
Tags: Port chicago mutiny, robert allen, navy, desegregation, segregation
Abstract This paper analyzes the Chicago Tribune's on-line strategy. It discusses the company's efforts to determine what should make up on-line news content. The author explores the differences between the print version of stories in the newspaper and the online version.
From the Paper "The Chicago Tribune is one of the nation's most respected newspapers and it has become a respected source of news on the Internet as well. The parent company, the Tribune Company had expanded into television, radio and newspaper ..."
Tags: chicagotribune.com, chicago tribune, case study
