Abstract
This paper provides an essay that responds to three chapters related to architecture and city planning in two books: Peter Hall's "Cities of Tomorrow" and Alan Gilbert's "Urbanization in Contemporary Latin America". The responses focus on how city planning efforts during the 20th century were a reaction to the ills and ideologies of 19th century city planning.

From the Paper
"In Peter Hall's "Cities of Tomorrow" and in Alan Gilbert's "Urbanization in Contemporary Latin America", it becomes evident that city planning in the twentieth century was largely a response to the ills and ideologies of 19th century cities. In Hall's work, two major responses to the overcrowded industrial slums of Victorian England led to the garden city and the monumental city, both with distinctly different modes of living and ideologies. The garden city was guide by social purpose, while the monumental city was absent or even hostile..."

Tags:garden city, monumental city, Chicago, Victorian slums, countryside, utopia, social purpose, commercialism, totalitarianism, government, the poor, suburbs

Abstract
Apart from possessing a functional and ornamental value, architecture also tells the story about the character and the culture of a society, thus reflecting the spirit of the people and the age. The paper shows that the architecture that is most representative of a society consists of ordinary and drab buildings. Although they cannot be considered esthetically pleasing to the eye, their value rests in their reflection of the reality of the ordinary people. The paper evaluates several buildings and cities such as Ancient Greek cities, the Great Mosque of Kairawan and the city of Chicago. It shows the important role architecture plays in every society, not only because it reflects the society of its time, but also because it has the power to influence the people.

From the Paper
"As a part of the City Beautiful Movement started to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Columbus' discovery of America, Chicago was transformed by Daniel Burnham who was appointed director of the project. The transformation included the creation of a lakefront park system, an inner harbor and a civic center. According to Burnham, the redevelopment of the city served an important purpose in creating uniformity and order against the chaotic development of a city affected by massive immigration of people with different cultures. Thus, to him, the orderly city would reinforce an American order over the diversity of cultures (Kostof 671). However, in this case, the City Beautiful Movement failed because it was more concerned with the aesthetic ideal than the lives of the people in the city. The City Beautiful Movement limited itself to changing public facilities, but did not seek to improve the housing needs of the poor. Therefore, it produced architecture that was divorced from the actual reality of the ordinary people it sought to represent."

Tags:iconography, Muhammad, Beautiful, Movement, Daniel, Burnham

Abstract
This research paper analyzes the architectural and societal constituents of Frank Lloyd Wright's seminal 'Prairie Style' houses, built between 1893 and 1909. It discusses his social and historical roots in rural Wisconsin, his apprenticeship to Louis Sullivan and his rise as a talented independent young architect in Chicago. The writer discusses that the interplay of dynamic social forces, and architectural forms enabled Wright to synthesize an iconic new domestic vocabulary, which is still influential today.

From the Paper
"Frank Lloyd Wright, always a great showman and popularizer of his own architectural works, did nothing to discourage the legends and mythology surrounding their creation. From his writings, one can easily draw the implication that they sprang "sui generous", germinating in some kind of virgin birth from the mind and spirit of the great master himself. In fact, all of his brilliant innovative works, including his extraordinary Prairie Style houses, are built on a foundation that came before. They are the logical result of antecedents found in the architectural environment ..."

Tags:wright, prairie, architecture

Abstract
This paper provides an account of the of Art Deco design and the development of skyscrapers. The paper looks at the cultural and artistic context of art deco, design motifs and metal construction and its impact. The paper provides examples of some buildings.

From the Paper
The purpose of this research is to examine the Art Deco architecture style and the development of the skyscraper, chiefly in the United States. The plan of the research will be to set forth the cultural and artistic context in which Art Deco was defined as well as the discourse of skyscraper architecture and then to discuss not only the architectural theories and theorist practitioners whose ideas informed debate over skyscraper construction but also the popular and professional reaction to the buildings at the time they were constructed.

Tags:Art, Deco, Style, Moderne, Louis, H., Sullivan, Chicago, Style, Empire, State, Building, Skyscrapers

Abstract
This paper discusses the issue of whether or not modern art and architecture consider spirituality in their themes. The paper contends that the work of architect Frank Lloyd Wright, and artists Mary Cassatt and Judy Chicago contain a fundamentally spiritual dimension that speaks to the persistence of the human spirit and the linkage of that spirit to nature and to society.

From the Paper
"Despite the fact that clearly identifiable religious imagery began to disappear in the course of the modern era many if not precisely most of the major artists and architects of the nineteenth and twentieth century have been ..."

Tags:art, architecture, spirituality, Mary Cassatt, Frank Lloyd Wright, Judy Chicago

Abstract
This paper describes Chicago and New York City's revolutionary skyscraper architecture. It explains the history of each city and emphasizes their development and planning. The paper illustrates each city's history relating to its grid and individual events and explains how the skyscraper came into existence in each city and changed our urban world. The paper use historical illustrations and maps along with the written essay to describe the growth of skyscrapers in both cities

Table of Contents

I. Introduction
II. City Planning
III. Chicago's Early City Planning
IV. New York City's Early City Planning
V. How Skyscraper Height Evolved
VI. Skyscrapers in Chicago
VII. Skyscrapers in New York City
VIII. Skyscrapers Take Form
IX. Chicago's Interior Form
X. New York City's Interior Form
XI. A Final Thought
XII. Bibliography
XIII. Picture References

From the Paper
"Architecture is an interesting art form due to its strong ties with the construction industry, which in turn a product of the socioeconomic behavior of a society. One of the grandest architectural accomplishments is the design and completion of a superstructure, known as the skyscraper. Since the turn of the century, the city fabric of two American cities, Chicago and New York City, have been involved in a heated race towards the sky. These superstructures continue to grow in size and in number due to advances in materials, structural designs, and technology. The function of the skyscraper is to serve as a commercial purpose. As these buildings cast heavy shadows over the busy city landscape, people notice their dominance and power. To the general public, big is good; in terms of building, the taller the better. Many people agree, as well as deny, that the skylines of Chicago and New York City are similar. To expose which acquisition is true, one first needs to discover how the skylines of these two cities have developed."

Tags:building, chicago, cities, city, construction, design, elevator, evolution, frame, general, grid, height, history, layout, materials, modern, new, religion, skyline, skyscraper, steel, structure, superstructure, support, technology, york

Abstract
A modern monolith among many in Chicago, the Merchandise Mart was the world's largest building in the 1930s at four million square feet. This paper examines this sprightly combination of commerce and transportation, which makes the Merchandise Mart a dynamic, energetic example of functional architecture. The paper traces the history of this building from the 1930s until the present day, focusing on its unique Art Deco architectural features.

From the Paper
"Just as the terrazzo floors flow through the interior of the Merchandise Mart, adding softness and color to what could be an imposing, cold structure, the Chicago River offers a similar sense of softness to the building's exterior. The Merchandise Mart transforms its immediate surroundings into an aesthetically appealing industrial and commercial hub. One of the most striking visual features of the Chicago Merchandise Mart is its proximity to the Chicago River, which often reflects the edifice in its rugged cool waters. A strategic location for an industrial-commercial building that is not only serviced by railroad but river transport, the Merchandise Mart stands as testimony to Chicago's rich financial and architectural history, blending into the environment and skyline seamlessly."

Tags:urban, warehouse, Jules, Guerin

Abstract
The paper explains the aspirations behind the development of the Monadnock building and the design of the architects Burnham and Root and later, Holabird and Roche. The paper also looks at later design assessments of the north and south parts of the Monadnock building. The paper relates that, today, most architectural historians believe that it is the north half that has no equal in high office buildings.

Outline:
Period
Precedent
Later Citations
Lasting Influences

From the Paper
"The aspirations that brought the building into being were artistic as well as commercial--to create an architectural spectacle and also draw tenants and make revenue for the Boston-based developers brothers Peter and Shepard Brooks. The Monadnock's period and design locate it at the tail end of 19th century architectural grandeur, because of its impressive size and its elaborately crafted south half. But its older northern half, with its subtly curving lines and faint traces of Egyptian architecture act as a harbinger of the later modernist period and the Frank Lloyd Wright Chicago School. The lack of breaks and projections and utter continuity of line makes this part of the building look much younger than its construction date (Roth 176)."

Tags:design, construction, proportions, materials

Abstract
This paper discusses the architectural features and style of the Monadnock Building in Chicago. The author provides a description of the building and discusses the vision for the structure that the architects involved had for it. The paper also talks about the problems that plagued the massive office complex, such as settlement of the surface footings.

Outline:
Architect, Patron, Historical Context
Physical Context
Movement and Style
Works Cited

From the Paper
"The current structure is clearly split in its style, reflecting the break in construction, as no one could entirely reconstruct the deceased Root's 'feel' for the work (his partner was too busy with other projects to continue alone). The southern half was the work of the architectural firm Holabird & Roche, but still under the commission and control of the Brooks brothers. This is why the two halves of the building are similar in size, material, and color, but quite different in style."

Tags:civil engineering, contemporary structures, chicago architecture

Abstract
The paper discusses where Wright found inspiration for his ideas and techniques and how he enhanced and embellished these lessons to create his own unique style. The paper explains how the societal influences of his upbringing, as well as the Japanese design exhibit at the Chicago Exposition of 1893, profoundly impacted Wright's style. The paper describes his "prairie style" houses that shattered tradition and made architectural history.

From the Paper
"Frank Lloyd Wright, always a great showman and popularizer of his own architectural works, did nothing to discourage the legends and mythology surrounding their creation. From his writings, one can easily draw the implication that they sprang "sui generous", germinating in some kind of virgin birth from the mind and spirit of the great master himself. In fact, all of his brilliant innovative works, including his extraordinary Prairie Style houses, are built on a foundation that came before. They are the logical result of antecedents found in the architectural environment and society in which Wright was born and raised, and from lessons he eagerly learned. He was both a product of, and a contributor to, the dynamic and rapidly changing mid-Western society of late 19th Century America."

Tags:Sullivan, Japan, Chicago, design, plans, materials, innovation