Abstract
This paper outlines and discusses the authors' research on crossing the different alleles of fruit flies to determine the phenotypic ratio of an unknown cross, which is undertaken to become familiar with Mendelian genetics by using the Punnet Square and the Chi Square to predict the outcomes. The paper explains that Gregor Mendel is the man responsible for discovering the basic laws that explain how traits are inherited from parent to offspring. The paper clarifies that an allele is a specific version of a gene, while a gene is simply the DNA that codes for one protein. Also, a phenotype is a physical characteristic while genotypes deal with the genetic makeup. The paper notes that 61% of human genetic diseases have been found in fruit flies as well, which allows scientists to test possible methods of treatment on flies. The paper concludes that the researcher's null hypothesis was rejected, and that the experiment could have been improved by increasing the number of flies that were observed. Several tables are included with the paper.

Outline:
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
References

From the Paper
" It is also important to be familiar with the Punnet Square. It is used to figure out the possible outcomes of a cross between parents with known genotypes (Douglas, 1989). The first generation is the P generation, which are the parents. The next generation is the F1 generation, which is the first hybrid offspring in a series of genetic crosses. The following F2 generation is the offspring resulting from the interbreeding of the F1 generation. The Chi Square Statistical Test is used to analyze Mendelian genetics data and test the results. Scientists use the chi square test to determine the difference between the observed and expected results (Kohler, 1994). To determine the expected chi-square value we use a chart with degree of freedom (the number of categories subtracted by one) and the p-value, which is the probability that the deviation between your observed and expected values could have occurred due to chance alone (Orel, 1996)."

Tags:Punnet Square dominant recessive genes p-value, interbreeding

Abstract
In this article, the writer computes measures of central tendency, basic t-test and chi square.

From the Paper
"Mean is the arithmetic average. Median is the number above and below which occur exactly half of the cases. Mode is the most frequently occurring value so some variables can have more than one value for mode. "

Tags:chi square, t-test, measures of central tendency

Abstract
This study investigates the decision process of consumers purchasing property in Spain. The paper focuses on the underlying reasons for purchasing a property in Spain, the methods used by the purchaser to gather information and the overall satisfaction with the purchase process. The paper links a report about current theories on consumer purchasing behaviour to the purchase of property abroad.
The investigation reveals a clear link between the level of satisfaction of the purchase process and the level of information and advice sought. The paper includes flow charts, tables, and graphs. It also appends the questionnaire used in the research and data analysis pages.

Outline:
Abstract
Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Appendices
Acknowledgements
1. Introduction
1.1 Aspects and Foundation of the Research
1.2 Aim of the Research
1.3 Objectives of the Research
1.4 Hypothesis
2. Literature Review
2.1 Consumer Behaviour
2.2 The Consumer Decision Process
2.3 Problem Recognition
2.4 Information Search
2.4.1 Do Consumers Always Search Rationally?
2.4.2 Determinants of Information Search
2.4.3 Type of search
2.4.4 Evaluation of Alternatives
2.5 The Decision
2.5.1 Affect Referral Rules
2.5.2 Non Compensatory Decision Rules
2.5.3The Lexicographic Rule
2.5.4 Compensatory Decision Rules
2.5.5 Modified Rules for Research
3. Methodology
3.1 Methodology in Similar Research
3.2 Research Approach
3.3 Research Strategy
3.4 Method
3.4.1 Channels of Distribution
3.4.2 Ethics
3.4.3 Data Collection and Analysis
3.4.4 CHI-Square Test
3.4.5 Elements of Bias
3.4.6 Sampling
3.4.7 Pilot Study
3.4.8 Research Constraints
3.4.9 Response Rate
3.4.10 Variables
3.5 Null Hypothesis
4. Results
4.1 CHI Square Test
4.2 Data Interpretation
4.3 Summary of Key Findings
5. Discussion
5.1 Pre Purchase Process
5.1.1 Information Search
5.2 Purchase Process
5.3 Post Purchase Process
5.3.1 Consumer Behaviour Models
5.4 Consumer Profile
6. Conclusion
7. Recommendations and Further Research
8. References
9. Appendices
10. Glossary

From the Paper
"Nicosia proposed a model that concentrated on the buying decision for a new product (illustrated in figure 2). The first stage of the model concentrated on the marketers' attempts to communicate with the consumer and the consumer's predisposition to act in a certain way. The scope of this research did not allow for the exploration of marketers' communication methods. However, the second stage of the model involved the consumer in a search evaluation process, which is influenced by attitudes. This follows a similar process to the Andreason model but it allowed the consumer to evaluate the process."

Tags:consumer, behavior, purchasing, decisions, emotional, response

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the challenge in business is to produce quality products or services efficiently. Ensuring quality involves customer satisfaction, employee involvement, and continuous improvement. The writer discusses a simulation, in which the assignment was to monitor on-time delivery of projects and client satisfaction. The writer looks at an analysis using ANOVA and nonparametric tests, determining the cause for the problem according to the test results and suggesting process improvements. The writer discusses the sequential process of how to use ANOVA, the chi-square goodness-of-fit test, and the Kruskal-Wallis test. The writer then notes that a manager can use statistical analysis to identify process changes and improvements to address quality issues. Finally, the writer looks at the importance of obtaining input from others in the work team who are more knowledgeable in statistics.

From the Paper
"The first lesson this author learned, is that according to the simulation, the process of applying ANOVA and nonparametric tests is sequential. A manager should first analyze the descriptive statistics of the data, check the assumptions of ANOVA and nonparametric tests, then decide which test to use for analysis. In the end, he can make process improvements based on the results of the analysis. After gathering the data, a manager should check the assumptions of ANOVA and nonparametric tests. If he is not sure if the data has a normal distribution, then it is at that point that he would use the Kruskal-Wallis test. And before making a decision, he should perform the chi-square goodness of fit test to check the normality of the data so that he can determine if the population has a normal distribution. After performing the chi-square test, if the data shows that the chi-square test statistic is greater than the chi-square critical value, it means that the test statistic lies outside the acceptance area and the manager should reject the null hypothesis."

Tags:results, process, data, improvements

Abstract
A study concluding that anti psychotic drugs double the chance of dying is analyzed with respect to techniques used and conclusions drawn. The paper argues that it was a very sloppy article/study. The writer believes he found an error in the data so he had to analyze it using a different set of assumptions about time intervals. The writer explains all this in addition to the lack of good sampling techniques. The ratio of two proportions, Chi square and index values were included.

From the Paper
"Based upon a study of Alzheimer's patients, conducted between 2001 and 2004 in England, it was determined that the use of antipsychotic drugs might improve the quality of life but could shorten the length of life. Findings, Conclusions and Critique: Problems with the data/sampling: First, the articles does not stipulate for data after the first year whether or not it relates to the original sample or the remaining survivors. When all the actual numbers and percentages are laid out..."

Tags:inference, sampling, proportions

Abstract
This paper explores the area of consumer food marketing which has been an unresearched area in the realm of empowerment and employee perceptions. The purpose of the research is to determine the relationships among the study variables of opportunity, fulfillment, expectations and performance, since these factors are related to perceptions of empowerment in the literature, and to determine if these factors varied by age, income and marital status in a sample of 224 participants. This problem is studied through the use of the Work Perceptions Profile, a survey devised, tested and validated by Pace and Mills (1990). Data in the paper is analyzed by correlational and chi square statistics to answer the research questions regarding variable correlational relationships and effects of demographics (age, income, marital status).

Table of Contents:

Introduction
Employee Perceptions to Empowerment
Statement of the Problem
Background of the Study
Theoretical Support
Definition of Terms
Significance of the Study
Scope, Delimitations, & Limitations
Research Questions
Summary
Literature Review
Introduction
Theoretical Models
Psychoanalytical Models
Behavioral Models
Self-Efficacy Models
Models of Motivation
Empowerment
Job Characteristics and Job Design
Research Study and Design
Job Satisfaction
Career Self-Efficacy
Life Styles and Marital Status
Summary
Methodology
Research Methods
Population and Sample
Instrumentation
Procedures
Data Analysis
Limitations
Results
Study Background
Findings
Corollaries of Age and Income
Opportunities for Growth
Perceptions of Fulfillment
Perceptions of Advancement
Perceptions of Performance
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
Conclusions
Implications
Limitations
Recommendations
Researcher Note
References

From the Paper
"Literature on empowerment shows the subject has been approached mainly from an end-state perspective or has focused on a single dimension. Relevant literature can generally be grouped into result orientation. Successful cases on empowerment studies includes (Berman, 1995; Burbidge, 1995) study on operational orientation, which focuses on empowerment through delayering, involving, establishing commitment, teaming and intervening (Bogg, 1995; Lashley, 1995b; Nixon, 1994; Osborne, 1994). Empowerment has been studied from the perspective of trait orientation, characterized by preconditions of control and power, trust and inclusion, accountability, honesty and risk-taking (Anfuso, 1994; Foster-Fishman & Keys, 1995). Another study on empowerment focused mainly on individual orientation, which included personal feeling, personal power, self-determination and cognitive variables of empowerment (Baird, 1994; Fulford & Enz, 1995; Spreitzer, 1995). In-depth investigation of a single dimension may provide a useful perspective, yet, at the implementation level, such an approach does not reflect adequately the complex sets of variables involved. Zimmerman (1990) commented that an overly individualistic conception of empowerment might limit one's understanding of the environmental influences, organizational factors, or social, cultural and political contexts. As organizations have striven to become more competitive, many have overlooked a critical element-the overall framework that could turn empowerment from a nice concept to a competitive advantage. Those employees? perception of expectations, opportunities, fulfillment and performance when factored into the organization's culture, could determine if these variables impact an employee's perception of empowerment. The culture of the organization could increase employee loyalty which would increase employment longevity and reducing the attrition rate."

Tags:competence, job, satisfaction, Likert, scale

Abstract
This paper discusses the increase in teenage smoking. The paper describes teenage use of tobacco in the United States as a significant problem, with at least one quarter of all teenagers smoking. The paper suggests ways that physicians and the rest of the community should become involved in attempting to prevent teenagers from beginning to smoke.

Table of Contents:
Hypothesis
Literature Review
Methodology
Results
Discussion
Chi Square

From the Paper
"The American Cancer Society suggests that parents have the ability to influence youth not to start smoking. Teens who thought their parents would disapprove of them smoking were found to be less than half as likely to smoke as those teenagers that thought their parents didn't care, whether or not the parents themselves were smokers. According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention cites parents as the greatest influence in children's lives, and encourages parents to actively tell their children about family deaths related to smoking, explain the health consequences from tobacco use, and warn them about the negative effects smoking has on physical appearance. Additionally, parents that smoke can avoid using tobacco in front of their children, not offer tobacco to their children, keep tobacco products out of easy reach, and most importantly try to quit."

Tags:tobacco, peer, pressure, socialization

Abstract
Statistics refers to the processes of collecting, organizing, analyzing and presenting data in forms usable for policy analysis, decision-making and other important tasks confronting people and organizations in contemporary society. It is within this framework that Polk Company, one of America's oldest and largest consumer marketing firms, operates.
This study considers the application at the Polk Company of 11 tasks associated with the processes of collecting, organizing, analyzing and presenting data. In each instance, the data management or statistical analysis function is defined, the learning process is explained within the context of the Kolb Model, and an illustration of the application of the data management or statistical analysis function is presented. The 11 data management or statistical analysis functions are (1) organizing data, (2) averages and variations, (3) elementary probability theory, (4) normal distribution, (5) binomial distribution, (6) sampling distribution, (7) estimation, (8) hypothesis testing, (9) regression and correlation, (10) chi square and analysis of variance (ANOVA) which is based on the F statistic and (11) non-parametric statistics.

From the Paper
"Type 1 learners, when working with hypotheses, tend to review available data without bias and study and consider the data from a variety of perspectives to develop workable hypotheses related to analytical objectives. Type 2 learners would approach the task by developing theoretical models upon which to base hypotheses, and then study and consider the data from a variety of perspectives in which model best supports the development of workable hypotheses. Type 3 learners would approach the task by developing theoretical models upon which to base hypotheses, and then experiment with alternative hypotheses to determine how best to achieve analytical objectives. Type 4 learners would review available data without bias, and then experiment with alternative hypotheses to determine how best to achieve analytical objectives."

Tags:Quantitative, binomial

Abstract
This paper relates that a sample of 200 university students, who have been diagnosed with clinical depression, were surveyed using questionnaires in order to test the correlation factor between clinical depression and illegal drug use. The paper points out that questionnaires revealed that 68% of the students had responded in the affirmative when questioned if they had used illegal drugs while battling clinical depression. The paper indicates that these results prove that clinically depressed students often seek to escape their stressful situations through the hallucinatory trance effect offered by illegal drugs. The paper also includes a description of the methodology and a table.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Methodology
Results
Discussion

From the Paper
"In university and academic campuses all over the world, students increasingly feel the need to excel in their academic life as well as effectively play multi-faceted roles in their familial and societal lives. Burdened with increasing academic loads, parental and peer pressure, students often become depressed and withdrawn when they fail to meet expectations. While some students are quick to recover and once again join the academic fray, for others however, the depressive symptoms linger for much longer."

Tags:hypothesis, temporary escape, sample population, chi-square administration

Abstract
This paper explains that, while the research into the causes and effects of alcohol use and abuse continue, the fact remains that there are some important differences in how the practice is viewed by men and women that can provide some valuable insights into developing effective interventions. The author presents an extensive literature review and a complete qualitative survey designed by the author to understand gender differences in attitudes toward alcohol use. The paper reports that this survey of 30 U.K. university students showed that the male respondents were slightly more likely to engage in patterns of heavy drinking than their female counterparts; however, the responses were relatively equal concerning a particular setting where alcohol had been used in the past. Complete question by question data analysis. Many tables and graphs.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Rationale for the Study
Overview of Study
Review of Related Literature
Background and Overview
Gender Differences in the Perception of Alcohol Use
Interventions and Initiatives Targeted at Reducing Alcohol Abuse among Younger Drinkers
Methodology
Data Analysis
Demographics
Likert-Scaled Questions
Open-Ended Comments
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
Summary
Conclusions
Recommendation
Survey Instrument
Table of Raw Survey Results

From the Paper
"Another large study conducted in 1997 (Thun et al.) determined that the death rate from breast cancer was 30 percent higher among middle-aged and elderly women who reported only having one drink daily than among nondrinkers; however, breast cancer in women is not the only health risk associated with alcohol consumption that seems to be hormone related (Hanna et al., 2002). As noted above, women tend to advance to cirrhosis of the liver at more rapid rates than do men when consuming smaller quantities of alcohol. In this regard, Tivis and Galaver (1994) hypothesized that alcohol-hormone interaction may influence the development of alcohol-induced liver disease in postmenopausal women who are moderate to heavy drinkers."

Tags:gender-sensitive, intervention, question, cognitive-impairment, chi-square