This paper reviews an article titled 'A New Bit on Toddler Biting- The Influence of Food, Oral Motor Development, and Sensory Activities' by Ramming, Kyger and Thompson published in "Young Children".
Abstract This paper explains that one of the most upsetting events for parents and children is when a child is bitten by another child. The author points out that the article addresses this problem from the standpoint of developmental problems including oral motor development, sensory integration and behavioral organization. The paper relates that Ramming, Kyger and Thompson believe that the best way to stop children from biting is to meet their developmental needs. The author surmises that, basically, children bite in reaction to different senses that they do not understand. The paper cites that the article suggests that the ways to prevent biting includes feeding the children foods that they can chew on and giving them oral stimulation brushes and other chewing objects.
From the Paper "The authors believe biting is linked to oral development or the suck, swallow, and breathe synchrony. Children bite in order to change the environment. When a child feels stressed, the child bites to ease the stress. Sensory integration is related to the normal vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch, but also proprioceptive sense, vestibular sense, and tactile sense. When any of these are threatened, a child may bite (Running, Kyger, and Thompson, 2006, 18). Children cannot understand many of the senses that they are feeling so they bite to reduce the stress. The hypothesis by the authors states centers on the belief that a child bites when he is trying to respond to a situation but lacks the ability to handle the situation."
Tags:chewing, caregiver, development, snacks, list
An overview of the Wrigley chewing gum company, their marketing and product strategy and how they revitalized the market by catering to evolving consumer tastes.
2,447 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 11 sources, 2000, $ 74.95
From the Paper "Industry experts have characterized Wrigley's marketing and product strategy in the past as "conservative"; however, marketing and product changes reflecting an awareness of changing demographics are helping Wrigley maintain their position as market leader and revitalize a mature market. "
Abstract This paper describe how Walter E. Diemer accidently came across the perfect formula for bubblegum. A brief history of the American chewing gum industry is provided. The paper presents an outline of the different marketing strategies employed in the industry since the 1920's. The writer also offers possible marketing ideas for the future.
From the Paper "Walter E. Diemer invented modern bubble gum in 1928. Bubble gum had been tried before in 1906 by Frank Fleer, but failed when it was too sticky and brittle to hold together. Diemer worked as an accountant for the Fleer Chewing Gum Company in Philadelphia, but would often try new gum recipes (Devins, 1998). He discovered the new gum recipe while attempting to make a new rubber product. When discussing how he discovered the gum ingredients, Walter Diemer said, "It was an accident. I was doing something else and ended up with something with bubbles." (GIF, 2002) "
Abstract This paper examines societal response to women who violate gender norms. To examine these reactions, the author engaged in three behaviors that are typically identified as male behavior: chewing tobacco in public, engaging in a football game with a group of males, and changing a tire while a male companion stood by and did nothing. The paper concludes that people did not react in the hostile manner expected; in fact, the only hostile reaction was directed at the male bystander when the author changed the tire. However, though behavior was not hostile, it was also not geared towards encouraging women to defy gender norms.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
From the Paper "The second experiment involved playing in a pick-up football game. The author approached five groups of men before any of them allowed her to play the game. The men who declined her requests to join their groups were very polite, but they expressed their concerns that they would injure her. One of the groups offered to change the game to touch football, if the author really wanted to play, but would not play tackle football with her. The sixth group invited the author to play, but they studiously avoided tackling her."
Tags: employment football, chewing tobacco, changing a tire, paternalistic
Abstract The paper describes the health risks involved in smoking and asserts that teenagers begin smoking because of peer pressure and because of the way smoking is portrayed in advertisements and television. It describes how smoking then becomes a habit and an addiction for these children so that they are unable to quit. The paper suggests ways in which a smoker can quit, such as using nicotene patches, chewing nicotine gum, and undergoing therapy.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
How Kids Start Smoking
Peer Pressure
Advertising
Smoking in Film
Why Kids Continue Smoking
Habit
Inability to Quit
Addiction
How Kids Can Quit Smoking
Patches and Gum
Therapy
Conclusion
From the Paper "The health hazards of smoking are well known and documented. In 1992, over 400,000 people died from complications from smoking each year, including lung and throat cancer, stroke, and heart disease. The number today is even higher. Additionally, some studies have also shown that starting to smoke as a teenager has the potential to permanently damage lung tissue."
Abstract Cocaine is an effective topical anesthetic and it provides significant blood flow stimulation. Cocaine hydrochloride is a fine white powder derived from the leaves of the plant Erythroxylon coca. "Coca" comes from the Aymara word "khoka" meaning "the tree". The Spaniard's adopted the practice of chewing coca leaves after conquering Peru in the 16th century. There are many different nations that continue to use coca and cocaine actively within the indigenous medical cultures. Cocaine provides benefit to the body and the spirit.
Abstract This paper is on the subject of smokeless tobacco and oral health. All forms of cancer involve out-of-control growth and spread of abnormal cells. Smokeless tobacco comes in two different forms: snuff and chewing tobacco. Smokeless tobacco can lead to the following diseases: cancer of the mouth, gum recession, or peeling back of the gums, bone loss around the teeth, abrasion of teeth, and bad breath.
Abstract This paper discusses orthognathic surgery, a procedure used for patients that have jaws that do not meet properly. This often coincides with teeth that do not seem to fit correctly with their jaws. The paper shows that people who require orthognathic surgery often have incorrectly positioned jaws or an improper bite. Often, the upper and lower jaws grow at different rates, which can lead to problems that affect speech, chewing, and long-term oral health, as well as appearance.
From the Paper "Careful, meticulous analysis of the soft tissue using clinical examination, photographs, skeletal evaluation with standardized radiographs, and dental evaluations are required for the correction of maxillofacial deformities (Patel, 2001). The orthognathic surgeon must work closely with the orthodontist, dentist, and other professionals in the formulation of an effective treatment plan (Patel, 2001). Successful outcomes from orthongnathic surgery depend on several factors that are present prior to, during, and after the procedure (Patel, 2001)."
Abstract This paper identifies key elements in conflict and conflict resolution theories from the perspectives of ethnicity, culture, and politics in Africa and non-African countries. The author points out that Africa has been wracked time and time again by wars of all types, intensities and durations. The author then presents several ways that Africans resolve ethnic conflict and reports that, unique among African countries, the ancient Ethiopian monarchy maintained its freedom from colonial rule with the exception of the 1936-41 Italian occupation during World War II. However, Ethiopia has been wracked by a series of bloody coups, uprisings, wide-scale drought and massive refugee problems.
Table of Contents:
Theory
Key Historical and Contemporary Theorist
Conflict Theories and African Policy Issues
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
Social Learning Theory
Social Identity Theories
Implementation of Ethnic Conflict Management and Policy
Community Assembly: The Semai Becharaa'
Qat-Chewing Sessions
The Role of Poetry
Dia
Go-Between Mediator
Apology
Truth and Reconciliation Commissions
Public Trials
Reparations Payments
Writing a Common History
Track II Diplomacy
Literature Review
Global Ethnic Resolution, Conflict and Relevant Policy
African Ethnic Conflict and Policy
Application of Theory and Practice on Ethiopia
Ethnic Conflict Resolution and Theories within a Policy Context
Ethiopian Socioeconomic and Political Climate
From the Paper "The native inhabitants of the area were organized in agrarian-based chiefdoms like those of the Bench and Dizi people (living in the highlands) or in decentralized age-grade societies like the Toposa, Anyuak, Nyangatom and Suri (living in the lowland plains). The state presence was constituted by superior military force (soldier contingents with better arms), and by the imposition on the locals of tribute and tax requirements, and the obligation to provide corvee agricultural labor for the northern immigrants. The latter also took cattle, ivory and slaves for trade to the north."
Tags: frustration-aggression, social identity, single-mindedness consensus regional
Abstract This paper examines how the use of coca in Latin America dates back thousands of years and can be traced back to Ancient Incan Kings and how it is commonly consumed either by chewing on the raw leaves or drinking a tea prepared from ground leaves. For indigenous peoples, its consumption has cultural, medical, economic, and political significance. It is not only socially acceptable, but it is also a deeply engrained tradition. This paper proposes new research to gauge the cultural and political importance of coca among Bolivian people. It discusses how this information is critical for both Bolivian and international policy-makers to develop effective strategies for reducing the world's cocaine problem.
Outline:
Coca Usage
Brief Political History of Bolivia
Cocalero Movement
Coca Substitution and Eradication
Methodology
Results
Budget
From the Paper "Coca use in Bolivia can be traced back to the Inca Kings and Nobility who often chewed the leaves of the plant in raw form. Although some of coca grown in Bolivia finds its way into the hands of cocaine producers, domestically cocaine abuse is not considered to be a widespread or serious problem. The chewing of raw coca leaves, however, is a vital part of Bolivian social life. It is a central focus of many cultural and religious rites, including weddings. In many areas, people will gather to chew coca after meals and during breaks at work. For many indigenous people, coca is the single most important symbol of their culture and an attack on coca is seen as an attack on the entire indigenous culture. A crude analogy can be made, telling Bolivians they cannot chew coca is similar to telling Americans they cannot drink coffee or telling the English that cannot drink tea, however these analogies are not that strong as Americans and British do not use coffee or tea for any religious rituals."
