Abstract
Particularly in the years immediately prior to the War of Independence, the Native people of the Americas had more political power and leverage with European settlers and the colonists than they were ever to have in subsequent years. The paper shows, however, that after America formally became a nation with a European-style government, the Indian nations and intertribal struggles were in conflict with the new government. The paper briefly examines the events, reasons, and causes leading to the removal of the Indians from the East and the Indian Removal Act.

From the Paper
"The history of racism is rife with euphemisms. "Removal" became a polite legal euphemism for what is now called "The Trail of Tears" of the Cherokee People and the other five native tribes whom were legally and systematically denied their rights to the land their people had occupied for as long as memory, by an act of the United States Congress. The Twenty-First Congress of the United States of America passed the Indian Removal Act of 1830 on May 26, 1830. It should be noted that the act's passage did not come easily, and only transpired after four months of strong debate."

Tags:Cherokee, Trail, of, Tears, Davy, Crockett

Abstract
This paper discusses the forced relocation of the Cherokee nation, called the Trail of Tears, that caused these Native Americas, who prided themselves on equality, to experience direct prejudice and discrimination. The paper describes the groundwork for this relocation that commenced 1802 even though the Trail of Tears did not take place until 1838. The paper further relates that one-fourth of the Cherokee died on the forced relocation march, that the ground of the new land to which they were forced to relocate was infertile, and that the resources which they had grown accustom through assimilation and efforts to coexist with their new neighbors, were now very scarce. A map and a copy of a painting are included in the paper.

From the Paper
"Over the next two years, the Cherokee people prepared to move, but most still thought their true leader, John Ross, would negotiate a way out of the treaty. Because of this belief in their leader, by the time 1838 rolled around, the Cherokee people were not ready to move. Therefore, Jackson appointed General John Wool to lead these people to their new forced home in the then Oklahoma Territory. However, Wool quickly resigned to side with the Cherokee nation. Then, Jackson appointed General Winfield Scott to carry out the task Wool refused, and he did this with the first group of 3,000 unprepared Cherokee Indians in June of 1838."

Tags:cataclysmic georgia assimilated, indian removal act, court

Abstract
This paper reviews John Ehle's book, "Trail of Tears", which provides a thorough review of the Cherokee people, starting from their first encounter with Europeans. The paper presents the book's argument that the Cherokee efforts to adopt and adapt to the cultural achievements of whites, while advancing their own culture, fundamentally shaped their history.

From the Paper
"In Trail of Tears, John Ehle poignantly depicts the unique struggle of the Cherokee to defend against the onslaught of the advancing "white storm." As they initially realized the futility of violent resistance, the Cherokee enthusiastically devoted themselves to ensuring the societal advancements that would grant them peaceful and prosperous co-existence with the whites. Thanks to the visionary leadership of individuals such as Major Ridge, the tribe successfully fought off internal division, reactionary traditionalism, and white interference in order to forever disprove the fallacy that Indians were incapable of "civilization.""

Tags:indian, jackson, Tenskatawa

Abstract
This paper discusses and explores the history of the Cherokee Nation from their creation story to the present. It further examines how the Cherokees lost their independence due largely to land-hungry Europeans. The Cherokee return today to a greater degree of sovereignty is also highlighted.

From the Paper
" Long before Europeans arrived in what would become North America, native peoples including the Cherokee nation of the southern Appalachian region had created complex social systems and lifestyles that would ultimately be challenged and in many instances virtually destroyed by the influx of land-hungry Europeans. At issue in this brief report is an analysis of the development of the Cherokee Nation from their creation story to the present. During this period the Cherokees enjoyed independence, lost it, struggled to regain some..."

Tags:American Indians, Cherokee, Anglo, land, culture

Abstract
This paper discusses the transportation by force of the Cherokee nation from their native lands to Oklahoma that was mandated by the U.S. government in 1838. While it was Jackson's successor, Martin Van Buren, who would order the forced march that became known as the "Trail of Tears", the policies that led to the forced removal had begun in 1830 under Jackson with the Indian Removal Act. The writer describes the horrors of the march and its devastating effects on the Cherokees as well as the other Indians who were driven out with them. The writer discusses the historical and political background behind the relocation, and the reasons for Jackson's deep-seated hatred and resentment of the Cherokees. The writer also describes the attempts by the Cherokees to negotiate with the U.S. government prior to the march and other circumstances leading up to the march, and concludes with a brief note on what happened to them after their arrival in Oklahoma.

From the Paper
"The Cherokee nation had, at one time, spanned the territories now known as the Carolinas to Florida and West to Mississippi. Over the course of several millennia, the Cherokee had banded together five tribes, each with its place in a relatively democratic political structure, where respect for the rule of law was absolute, and their culture significantly advanced. Education was paramount, they maintained a very solid and reliable economy, and they maintained the belief that they could successfully co-exist with the Americans. This, of course, would prove to be exceptionally naive when it came to Jackson. Where he had failed in his youth, he was certainly able to get back at the Cherokee decades later."

Tags:racist eviction land-hungry obsolescence genocide, Monroe Doctrine, Supreme Court, opposition exposure anti-Indian

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that intolerance of native religion is a theme that pervades Native-American studies, as the conditions that many Indian nations suffered were guised with a highly religiously motivated idea of manifest destiny. The writer discusses that the Cherokee nation was no exception, as many members sought to live a life that was chosen for them, rather than made by choice. The writer points out that early in the Cherokee history there were struggles with conversion, indoctrination and intolerance of traditional ways. The modern Cherokee movement has tended to meld Christianity, forced upon them by white society, with the spirit of the old knowledge and religion, which like many other native nations was a core aspect of life. The writer concludes that this movement was so effective that the resurgence of Native-American religion today is a revival attempting to make sure that the traditions do not die and that the oldest of the generations has the opportunity to build and spread the faith and language of the elders.

From the Paper
"The Cherokee had a structured egalitarian society and in many ways were very "civilized" from the start with structured towns, rather than nomadic villages that moved with the seasons, a credit given to many other nations and part of the reason they were designated as one of five civilized tribes. The Cherokee were divided into seven clans, as seven was a sacred number to them and they had a war chief and a peace chief, Red Chief and White Chief, with a head medicine man that decided quarrels between the two chiefs who really worked in cooperation to rule the nation. Lineage was patrilinial and matrilineal with the father than the maternal grandmother sharing lineal duties such as naming children and such. The nation also had a subsistence economy where commodity was currency and there was little need for cash, the nation in fact resisted labor employment even into the beginning of the 20th century."

Tags:Indian, tribes, belief, expression

Abstract
Discusses her rise to power in the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma to Principal Chief. Her early impoverished life. Growing interest in tribal politics. Involvement with Naive Americans in San Francisco. How she helped bring self-sufficiency to her people and helped raise the status of women. Her contribution to the feminist movement in general.

From the Paper
"The history of the women's rights movement is littered with trailblazers who led the way before women believed they would achieve equal rights with men in society. From the suffragettes of the early twentieth century to the "girlpower" divas of the new millennium, women have struggled to carve out a voice and message of their own. Significant strides have been made towards gender-equality in the past century, with the right to vote and the right to have an abortion signifying important milestones in the women's movement. And though the news is mostly good, there nevertheless remains a wide gulf in the way women and men are treated in our society. This fact is compounded by the deterioration of the feminist movement from its peak in the nineteen-sixties. As young women look to the new millennium, it is important that they identify leaders to emula..."

Tags:INDIAN

Abstract
This paper examines the relationship between Sam Houston, U.S. congressman and governor of Tennessee and the Cherokee Tribe. The paper examines how Houston influenced the the rights of the Native Americans and took their side when other Texas and national leaders would have banished them westward, or worse, had them exterminated. The paper argues that Houston was not merely seeking political support in trying to reach out to these Native Americans.

From the Paper
"Although, today, many of Houston's prime initiatives to help the Native Americans have been pushed through the loop hole into the endless depths of Congressional lobbying, his influence is still felt through his mannerisms of treating those who are different. An ideology of tolerance may have evolved before Sam Houston, but the main importance of Houston's tolerance stemmed for those who were originally inhibiting the Americas in the beginning. Today, we as "invaders" of the Americas can finally realize our wrongs and our vices in dealing with the Native American heritage because of people like Houston."

Tags:Chief, Oo-loo-te-ka, national, elections, heritage

Abstract
In 1838, the Cherokee nation was effectively removed, in its entirety, by the government of the Unites States of America. The forced removal was part of an effort to both neuter the Cherokee, one of the strongest native Nations and to grab all of the land upon which it had lived for, in various forms, thousands of years. The forced march was named, The Trail Of Tears, for a variety of reasons. It forced the natives from their ancestral home, it was a death march and it placed the Cherokee in an alien land, virtually devoid of anything which would allow them to continue living in their traditional manner. The Trail of Tears resulted in thousands of deaths, the separation of families and has been considered in hindsight as an attempt at genocide. The eviction and forced march, which came to be known as the Trail of Tears, took place during the fall and winter of 1838-39 and was badly mismanaged. Inadequate food supplies led to terrible suffering, especially after frigid weather arrived. About 4,000 Cherokees died on the one-hundred and sixteen-day journey, many because the escorting troops refused to slow or stop so that the ill and exhausted could recover. It is the purpose of this paper to examine the motivations for the forced exodus from the point of view of the U.S. government, the timeline of the march and the impact it had before, during and after on the Cherokee people. The point of this examination is to, hopefully, develop for the reader a clear understanding of one of the most tragic episodes in the enforcement of Indian Policy by the United States Government.

Abstract
This paper explores the life of Wilma Mankiller, former Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, who the writer believes was one of the most important women of the twentieth century. The paper looks at women's rights and the leaders who helped shaped feminism overtime. Through Mankiller's life, the writer presents the various issues of feminism, women in society, female power and equality with men. The writer believes that while Mankiller was an important leader in the Native American ethnic group, she also proved to be a true feminist leader for all women.

From the Paper
"Wilma Mankiller presents a vision of hope to all young minority women who long to be treated according to their character and not their gender. It is her most fervent hope that her election marks the beginning of a new era in Native American and minority women's participation in politics. There is an ancient Oneida prophesy called "the time of the butterfly" that foresees a time when women take the reins of political power in Native American affairs."

Tags:indian, native, american, women, rights, equality, racism, suffragette, cherokee, leadership, leader