Abstract The paper provides a summary of the conflict, the contentions of each party and the subsequent court decisions. The paper examines the U.S. Supreme Court's decision that the Oneida Nation had to pay the property tax on the land that they claimed had the status of Indian reservation land. The paper discusses how the guarantees set out in both U.S. federal and state laws in relation to reservation land would not apply in this case as the IndianNation had sold the land willingly and then after 200 years repurchased the land in the free-market. The paper notes the interest of the researcher in this case.
Outline:
Objective
Summary of the Conflict
Summary of the Contention of Each Party
Summary of Court Decisions
Discussion
Statement of Interest in This Case
From the Paper "The Oneida Indian Nation of New York descends directly from the Oneida Indian Nation. The Oneida Nation's aboriginal homeland is stated to be formed by approximately six million acres in central New York State and owned land that stretch "...from Pennsylvania border to the St. Lawrence River and from Lake Ontario to the Adirondack foothills." (Grant, 2005) In the year of 1785 the Oneida Tribe sold 300,000 acres in the Treaty of Fort Herkimer to the State of New York. In the year of 1788, New York Sate and the Oneida Indian Nation entered into a treaty with the Oneidas releasing the lands they owned to the Sate of New York."
This essay discusses the CherokeeIndians, and the Trail of Tears they trekked across to reach the Indian Reservations that the United States government placed them in.
Abstract This paper talks about the background of the CherokeeIndians, the Indian Removal Act, the removal forts they were put into, and the trail of tears they trudged on, and symbols that symbolize the trail of tears and the pain the CherokeeIndians endured. The author includes several maps in the paper.
From the Paper 'In the 1800s, the Cherokee Indians were forced off their ancestral lands in Georgia and coerced to march the long, bitter journey to Oklahoma, where the government had decided they should live. This journey became known as the "Trail of Tears" for the grief it caused the Cherokee. It was called "Nunna dual Tsuny" by the tribe, which literally meant the "Trail Where They Cried". The Cherokee were a friendly tribe, but were stripped of justice as they were made to trudge hundreds of miles in bad weather; many were treated brutally, and many died either in concentration camps or on the trail itself."
Abstract Particularly in the years immediately prior to the War of Independence, the Native people of the Americas had more political power and leverage with European settlers and the colonists than they were ever to have in subsequent years. The paper shows, however, that after America formally became a nation with a European-style government, the Indiannations and intertribal struggles were in conflict with the new government. The paper briefly examines the events, reasons, and causes leading to the removal of the Indians from the East and the Indian Removal Act.
From the Paper "The history of racism is rife with euphemisms. "Removal" became a polite legal euphemism for what is now called "The Trail of Tears" of the Cherokee People and the other five native tribes whom were legally and systematically denied their rights to the land their people had occupied for as long as memory, by an act of the United States Congress. The Twenty-First Congress of the United States of America passed the Indian Removal Act of 1830 on May 26, 1830. It should be noted that the act's passage did not come easily, and only transpired after four months of strong debate."
Abstract This paper discusses the public apology made by Kevin Gover, the Assistant Secretary of Indian Affairs, to Native Americans for the harsh mistreatment they received at the hands of the U.S. Government. The paper looks at the many aspects of this mistreatment addressed by the apology, and suggests that, although late in coming, a public apology may open the door to reparations for American Indians.
From the Paper "In his speech, Gover made note of the Dawes Severalty Act, passed in 1887. This act was just one in a long line of examples of the early settlers? inability to understand the ways of the Native Americans. The act was created by whites who believed they were helping weak Native Americans by turning them into farmers and land owners. While this act uprooted the Native Americans from their homes and placed them in reservations, the American government alleged that they were helping, rather than hurting the Native Americans simply because of their belief in the superiority of America and of its culture."
Abstract This paper discusses the transportation by force of the Cherokeenation from their native lands to Oklahoma that was mandated by the U.S. government in 1838. While it was Jackson's successor, Martin Van Buren, who would order the forced march that became known as the "Trail of Tears", the policies that led to the forced removal had begun in 1830 under Jackson with the Indian Removal Act. The writer describes the horrors of the march and its devastating effects on the Cherokees as well as the other Indians who were driven out with them. The writer discusses the historical and political background behind the relocation, and the reasons for Jackson's deep-seated hatred and resentment of the Cherokees. The writer also describes the attempts by the Cherokees to negotiate with the U.S. government prior to the march and other circumstances leading up to the march, and concludes with a brief note on what happened to them after their arrival in Oklahoma.
From the Paper "The Cherokee nation had, at one time, spanned the territories now known as the Carolinas to Florida and West to Mississippi. Over the course of several millennia, the Cherokee had banded together five tribes, each with its place in a relatively democratic political structure, where respect for the rule of law was absolute, and their culture significantly advanced. Education was paramount, they maintained a very solid and reliable economy, and they maintained the belief that they could successfully co-exist with the Americans. This, of course, would prove to be exceptionally naive when it came to Jackson. Where he had failed in his youth, he was certainly able to get back at the Cherokee decades later."
Tags: racist eviction land-hungry obsolescence genocide, Monroe Doctrine, Supreme Court, opposition exposure anti-Indian
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that intolerance of native religion is a theme that pervades Native-American studies, as the conditions that many Indiannations suffered were guised with a highly religiously motivated idea of manifest destiny. The writer discusses that the Cherokeenation was no exception, as many members sought to live a life that was chosen for them, rather than made by choice. The writer points out that early in the Cherokee history there were struggles with conversion, indoctrination and intolerance of traditional ways. The modern Cherokee movement has tended to meld Christianity, forced upon them by white society, with the spirit of the old knowledge and religion, which like many other native nations was a core aspect of life. The writer concludes that this movement was so effective that the resurgence of Native-American religion today is a revival attempting to make sure that the traditions do not die and that the oldest of the generations has the opportunity to build and spread the faith and language of the elders.
From the Paper "The Cherokee had a structured egalitarian society and in many ways were very "civilized" from the start with structured towns, rather than nomadic villages that moved with the seasons, a credit given to many other nations and part of the reason they were designated as one of five civilized tribes. The Cherokee were divided into seven clans, as seven was a sacred number to them and they had a war chief and a peace chief, Red Chief and White Chief, with a head medicine man that decided quarrels between the two chiefs who really worked in cooperation to rule the nation. Lineage was patrilinial and matrilineal with the father than the maternal grandmother sharing lineal duties such as naming children and such. The nation also had a subsistence economy where commodity was currency and there was little need for cash, the nation in fact resisted labor employment even into the beginning of the 20th century."
Abstract This paper reviews John Ehle's book, "Trail of Tears", which provides a thorough review of the Cherokee people, starting from their first encounter with Europeans. The paper presents the book's argument that the Cherokee efforts to adopt and adapt to the cultural achievements of whites, while advancing their own culture, fundamentally shaped their history.
From the Paper "In Trail of Tears, John Ehle poignantly depicts the unique struggle of the Cherokee to defend against the onslaught of the advancing ?white storm.? As they initially realized the futility of violent resistance, the Cherokee enthusiastically devoted themselves to ensuring the societal advancements that would grant them peaceful and prosperous co-existence with the whites. Thanks to the visionary leadership of individuals such as Major Ridge, the tribe successfully fought off internal division, reactionary traditionalism, and white interference in order to forever disprove the fallacy that Indians were incapable of ?civilization.?"
This paper discusses the background, detail and the aftermath of the foreceful eviction of the Cherokee tribe from its ancestoral lands in 1838, an event known as the "Trail of Tears."
Abstract The paper introduces the Cherokee - one of the largest tribes of Native Americans in the United States. It shows how their survival is a tribute to their remarkable resistance since in the harsh winter of 1838 and 1839, the entire Cherokee tribe was threatened with extinction during an event that is known as ?The Trail of Tears.? The paper examines one of the darkest moments in American history, when the Federal troops under the orders of the United States government forcibly evicted the entire Cherokee tribe from their ancestral lands in Georgia to Oklahoma during a cruel 1000 mile forced journey. Out of a total of 16,000 Cherokee people, over 4000 men, women, and children died of hunger, disease, and exposure to the elements on the trail. The paper discusses how "The Trail of Tears" symbolizes the callousness with which the United States government treated the Native Americans due to greed and prejudice inherent in human nature. It covers the background, events and aftermath of the "Trail of Tears."
From the Paper "The Cherokee tribe bravely suffered their ordeal on the Trail of Tears setting to work in their new home. They built homes, schools and churches. They set up a government and named their capital "Tahlequah" that is still the cultural center of the Cherokees and the source of documented evidence of their history. The Indians were on the way of recovery from their ordeal when another devastating event intervened: The American Civil War. The Cherokees aligned themselves with the Confederacy since the South had promised that when the war was over they would be permitted to form their own state. After having supported the British during the American War of Independence, the Cherokee had again chosen the wrong side. So when the North won the Civil War, the Indians, were duly penalized. Most of their lands guaranteed by previous treaties were taken from them and their sad plight continued."
Abstract The paper reviews the Cherokee and Seminole resistance tactics against Indian removal. The paper explains how the "five civilized tribes" attempted to hold onto their lands. The paper includes their strategies and examines how the U.S. government broke treaties.
From the Paper "When Andrew Jackson became president, Cherokee Creek Chickasaw Choctaw and Seminole Indians lived east of the Mississippi Goldfield. These Indians were known as the "Five Civilized Tribes" because many of them had adopted aspects of European and American culture including Christianity. However, these Indians lived on millions of acres of land desired by white cotton planters in central Alabama and Mississippi and particularly Georgia Goldfield."
Abstract This article, glancing at the book, "The Cherokee Removal", discusses the expulsion of the Cherokee people from their homeland, making way for white Americans. The writer looks at the forcible expulsion of an ethnic and cultural group from its homeland in the United States. In the above-mentioned book, the author claims that in the end, this transfer of the Cherokee people proved to be beneficial to all concerned. This paper examines the expulsion and the writer of this article argues that this forcible removal was not in fact favorable to both groups involved. The writer maintains that the "migration of the Cherokee across the Mississippi" was perhaps not in all parties' best interests.
From the Paper "First, the differences between late 19th century United States worldviews and those of the Cherokee are examined; a grasp of the difference between these ideals is essential to understanding the differences in each group's priorities. A few of the specific factors which the quote depends on are examined, such as the attitude of President Andrew Jackson, the potential uses of the Cherokee homelands, and objections raised by white defenders of the Indians. Finally, how these ideals affected the reality of each group-how one's notion of justice, for example, influenced one's actions, is explored."
Abstract This paper discusses the geological evidence supporting the theory that the CherokeeIndians originally immigrated to North America via the Bering Strait, the body of water that separates Siberia from Alaska. The paper also looks at the scientific and anthropological theories of Indian immigration but concludes that the geological theory is not at all implausible.
From the Paper "The Cherokee Indians were heirchial with each man's place being determined by his persoanl achievements in war and in hunting. The Cherokee knew that the resources of the earth were finite and wisely used the gifts of the earth. In the 1978 book entitiled "Americas' Facinating Indian Heritage" stated is that, "The American Indians still live today in "substandard, overcrowded dwellings with minimal sanitation, tuberculosis, influenza and penmonia....the suicide rate among Indian adolescents is 100 times that of whites....alcoholism is common place. " While some of the tribes did receive government settlements eventually many of these did not. (America's Facinating Indian Heritage, 1978 p.396-398) The Cherokee people lived a balanced life that did not take from the earth and environment but left it as they found it in the Cherokee tradition."
Abstract A discussion regarding how in recent years, mainstream society has "re-discovered" Native Americans after a period of forgetfulness. Needless to say, one of the more prominent of all the Native North American peoples has been the Cherokee - perhaps because few other native tribes (at least to this writer's knowledge) have enjoyed the territorial, geographic reach of the Cherokeenation - a nation with tribes in the Virginias, the Carolinas, and the Southern United States. This paper looks at America's Cherokee tribes and explores the manner in which their approach to warfare since the arrival of the "white man".
Abstract This paper presents a timeline and background of the Cherokee people, a Native-American tribe who originally lived in the southern Appalachian Mountains area. The paper traces their history from the very beginnings more than a thousand years ago, through the introduction of whites and the modernization of America. The paper describes the Cherokee's way of life, customs and traditions. As well, the writer provides information on the political aspects which led to the treaty between this people and the American government.
From the Paper "The society of the Cherokee was a matriarchy. The children took the clan of the mother, and kinship was traced through the mother's family. Women had an equal voice in the affairs of the tribe. Marriage was only allowed between members of different clans. Property was passed on according to clan alliance. Cherokee villages were largely independent in daily matters, with the whole tribe only coming together for ceremonies or in times of war. They grew corn (maize) and other vegetables. They hunted with bows and arrows, and used reed blowguns to kill smaller game."
Abstract This paper discusses, in detail, the book entitled "Trail of Tears" and the events that it is based on. The book starts with a passage about the CherokeeIndians who trudged through the landscape of Georgia in the year 1838, during their travel from Georgia to Oklahoma. This was because they had, in fact been forced to vacate the homes that they had known for the past many years by the United States Government.
From the Paper "Thus it was that the more than 16,000 native Indian people who were removed from their territories in Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia, and North Carolina and sent on to Indian Territory, today known as Oklahoma, reached the state and settled there, amidst large scale loss of lives and with almost no resources. (Military, Trail of Tears) One Cherokee says that according to Cherokee myth, when there is a curve in the rod, then it means that there will be a barn at the next turn, where one can seek shelter. However, for the Cherokees on their trail of tears, this did not happen, and they were forced to keep on walking and walking, until they either died or they reached their destination, finally. (Ellis, 2001)"
Abstract This paper discusses German Americans and Cherokee in the 18th century. It is a history paper that compares and contrasts various aspects of these two groups' lives including politics, social norms, economics and personal, professional and interpersonal relationships.
Tags: German Americans & Cherokee in the 1700s. American history, comparison and contrast, Political, Social, economic, Personal, Professional and Interpersonal
