Abstract
The paper suggests that while the chemical inhibitor of p53 is suppressed, at the same time this treatment can allow for appropriate treatment to destroy p53-deficient cancer cells in a patient. The paper gives the chemical explanation for how the results were found in mice. The writer concludes with a discussion of the importance of this research for the future of cancer patients undergoing the intense treatment to fight the spread of the disease.

From the Paper
"The p53 inhibitor had almost no protective effect if it was added up to 18 hours prior to, and removed immediately before, irradiation. A short, 3-hour treatment with PFT-alpha after irradiation had a pronounced protective effect on the cells, and a 24-hour incubation gave maximal protection. If PFT-alpha was added 3 hours after irradiation, it was not able to rescue the cells from radiation-induced damage. This suggests that ultraviolet radiation-induced apoptosis is significantly reduced within several hours, and completely eradicated within 24 hours of irradiation by PFT-alpha."

Tags:radiation, treatment, cells, patient, protection

Abstract
This paper briefly summarizes and then reviews an article on a potential cancer therapy entitled "Exploiting T cell Receptor Genes for Cancer Immunotherapy." The paper explains that the article reviewed discussed various cancer treatment options with T cell receptor immunotherapy and then goes on to discuss the results and conclusions found in the article. The paper concludes that the article was well-written and informative.

From the Paper
"Adoptive antigen-specific immunotherapy is a potential cancer therapy because immunocompetence is not required and lymphocyte specificity can be targeted against tumour-associated antigens. T cell receptor (TCR) genes isolated from antigen-specific T cells may be therapeutically used for antigen-specific immunotherapy. TCR gene therapy may provide an appealing strategy to develop antigen-specific immunotherapy. Examples of this type of therapy include retroviral TCR gene transfer, TCR gene modified lymphocytes, and TCR gene expression."

Tags:monoclonal, generic, reagents, surface, helper, functions, cytotoxicity, cytokine, production

Abstract
The paper explores how Dr. Warburg's assertion that lack of oxygen augments the citric acid cycle and therefore facilitates anaerobic glycolysis is borne out by medical studies conducted long after his death; every bit as significantly another major contribution of Dr. Otto Warburg has been that he explicitly linked oxygen levels to tumour growth and aggressiveness. With that in mind, the paper asserts that the augmentation of oxygen is critical in the fight against cancer and that Warburg was decades ahead of his time in linking the absence of oxygen - and the fermentation of sugar - with cancerous activity.

From the Paper
"The following paper will explore and assess the contributions of Dr. Otto Warburg to contemporary theories on cancer therapy. To be more specific, the next several pages will illuminate how Dr. Warburg's assertion that lack of oxygen augments the citric acid cycle and therefore facilitates..."

Tags:oxygen, cancer, procreation

Abstract
The paper analyzes the article "Small-Molecule MDM2 Antagonists Reveal Aberrant p53 Signaling in Cancer: Implications for Therapy" and explains the conclusions reached by the authors. The paper is of the opinion that the conclusions may have been slightly optimistic. The paper outlines the method used by the study discussed in the article and notes several limitations of the study.

Outline:
Summary
Method

From the Paper
"The main focus of the article is around the protein murine double minute 2 (MDM2). MDM2 is a negative regulator of the p53 tumour suppressor protein. This is done through three mechanisms. Firstly, MDM2 binds at the p53 transactivation site and blocks its activation of transcription initiation [1]. Secondly, it participates in the nuclear export of p53 [1]. Thirdly, it serves as a ubiquitin ligase, promoting the degradation of p53. When p53 is activated, it can bring a halt upon the cell cycle and cause apoptosis [1]. This is very important as p53 acts as a transcription factor, the inactivation of which halts cellular apoptosis. In approximately half of all tumours that are malignant, p53 is perminantly disabled or deleted. However, in the other 50% of mutated cells, p53 simply remains inactive the misexpression of MDM2, which interferes with the proper functions of p53 [1]. So the object of the article is that disruption or inhibition of the MDM2-p53 interaction may correct p53 functioning and serve as a form of cancer therapy, such as suppression of tumour growth. Subsequently the problem that the authors tackle with is how to inhibit the actions of MDM2."

Tags:nutlin, cells, mice, tumors

Abstract
This paper aims to determine the extent of available information on the effectiveness of the drug known as Focalin to children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It identifies the additional knowledge still required for ADHD treatment and seeks to contribute to this knowledge gap by investigating the effects and side effects of Focalin intake among actual children, ages 10 and under, with ADHD. The paper contains an annotated bibliography and data analysis.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Literature Review
ADHD and Criminal Justice
ADHD Treatment
Treating ADHD with Focalin
Implications of Literature on Research & Criminal Justice

From the Paper
"Although it is recognized that drugs when combined with behavior therapy contributes to the treatment of ADHD, limited studies have been conducted on the long-term effect of certain drugs on children with ADHD or the overall effectiveness of particular drugs. Biederman, Spencer and Wilens (2004, p. 300) provide that although many researches indicate the apparent effectiveness of dexmethylphenidate, the core component of Focalin, in improving the behavior of children with ADHD, the results of their study indicate different effects on children of different ages and comorbidities causing the researchers to recommend further research on this aspect to enhance knowledge on ADHD, drug treatment, and implications on long-term behavior.
In a later study, McGough, Pataki and Suddath (2005) found that dexmethylphenidate intake indicates that based on clinical trials of drug intake among children there was a reported significant improvement in terms of the children's academic and behavior ratings. Apart from the positive effects, the Focalin component was also satisfactorily tolerated by the children indicating on its safety as a drug for long-term use. Although there are also side effects such as loss of appetite and insomnia, the drug commands acceptable levels of tolerability among children with ADHD with extended drug intake."

Tags:dexmethylphenidate, therapy, behavior

Abstract
The paper argues that electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective treatment for severe depression that has a negative stigma in the general population and is therefore underused in clinical practice. The paper describes electroconvulsive therapy and relates that the procedure does not cause brain damage in adults. The paper includes a review of patients' experiences and presents the cognitive side effects of ECT and how they relate to use with the depressed elderly. Finally, the paper presents a brief case study from the writer's place of work as an example of effective treatment.

From the Paper
"Electroconvulsive therapy is also known as electroshock or ECT and is a well established, though controversial psychiatric treatment in which seizures are electrically induced in anesthetized patients for a therapeutic effect. ECT has been the subject of major controversy, receiving extensive negative media coverage and has faced legal obstacles in certain places (Bustin, Rapopor, Krishna, and Matusevich, 2007). Today, ECT is most often used as a treatment for severe major depression which has not responded to other treatment, and is also used in the treatment of mania (often in bipolar disorder), catatonia, schizophrenia and other disorders. Elderly depressed patients are the most likely to be receiving ECT for major depression (Bustin et al, 2007)."

Tags:elderly, bipolar, disorder, schizophrenia, side, effects

Abstract
This paper discusses types of alternative treatments available and their effectiveness and outcomes, including treatment choices, quality of life, treatment side effects and cancer reduction.

From the Paper
"Cancer, a chronic disease caused by multiple factors, is the selected public health issue that will be evaluated with regard to alternative treatment options. The effectiveness of a program designed to assess the usefulness of alternative treatments for treatment of cancer and provide this information to patients will be evaluated for effectiveness regarding short, intermediate and long-term outcomes. Program Objectives and Methodology with a Data Collection Plan for evaluation of the program are presented. Data collection plan descriptions will include methodological research, design sample..."

Tags:evaluation plan, cancer, disease, treatments

Abstract
Nothing is as devastating as knowing a loved one has cancer. Cancer devastates lives of the patient, family members, friends, and co-workers often creating emotional scars of depression, post-traumatic stress, anxiety disorders, psychosocial distress or other emotional problems as well as the need to face various treatment-related issues.

Tags:cancer, effects, statistics

Abstract
This paper looks at the harrowing effects of chemical warfare and how it changed the face of war during WWI. It gives examples of the types of weaponry used, their side effects and how these have developed to become the destructive arms of today.

From the Paper
"According to many of the period s experts, WWI was supposed to be fought by large numbers of men, in a heroic fashion, with the other technologically advanced weapons such as planes, machine-guns and tanks. Instead of the normal war of the attacker winning and the defender put on the run, this war was interrupted by trench warfare and battles of attrition. Trenches were the norm, and to help get battles back to natural means, gas was put into practice to help each side get back into (in their eyes at the time) a more modern conflict. So what were these chemical weapons? How and when were they used? What role did they play in the soldier s day-to-day life both physically and psychologically? "

Tags:bombs, chemicals, france, gas, germany, hague, history, military, trench, war, warfare, wwi

Abstract
This paper provides a detailed examination of some newer applications of cognitive behavioral therapy, including the treatment of psychosis. The paper notes that a few years ago, most psychologists and psychiatrists were pessimistic about the possibility of helping psychotic patients other than by drug treatment. When applied to psychosis, the paper explains, cognitive therapy (CT) is based on the same principles that apply for standard cognitive therapy for emotional disorders. The paper also discusses the use of cognitive behavioral therapy in treating alcohol dependence, particularly in the elderly. The paper concludes that future directions should also include a consideration of the possible side-effects of cognitive therapy. Normalizing cognitive therapy hopefully minimizes side-effects, but problems such as stigmatization, pathologizing the variety of human experience and increased short-term distress remain possibilities.

Outline:
Question 1
Introduction
Trauma-Based Strategies
Behavioural Reattribution
Behavioural Experiments
Treatment Phases
Conclusion
Question 2
Treatment of Alcohol Misuse
Studies of Moderation-Orientated Treatment
Works Cited

From the Paper
"Behavioural experiments are central to effective CT for psychosis. Beliefs about voices and delusional ideas are frequently translatable into testable hypotheses that can be collaboratively investigated by patient and therapist. Behavioural experiments should be designed very carefully to ensure a 'no-lose' outcome (Wessler, 1986). Predictions should be stated in a concrete way, and the possible results should be reviewed in advance to ensure that the outcome is meaningful and will not be dismissed or accommodated within the problematic belief system. Examples of behavioural experiments include the use of activity scheduling to evaluate beliefs about the consequences of activity or the lack of pleasure (which can be helpful for negative symptoms) or exposure to feared situations in order to evaluate beliefs about voices or paranoid ideas (Wessler, 1986)."

Tags:alcoholic, psychotic, substance, elderly