Abstract
Dioxins and other chemical components have been located in foods that people consume everyday. Too much dioxin can be fatal and/or pose serious threats to newborn children in terms of birth defects. What has been done to diminish this chemical toxin in foods? Government officials have developed policies in an effort to control contamination in terms of pesticides, feeds for livestock and water treatments. If preventions are not implemented more readily, these chemical toxins will pose significant elevations in diseases in humans and animals through contamination.

Tags:dioxin, chemical, threat

Abstract
The paper discusses how ship repair yards around the world are notorious for emitting excessive amounts of toxic chemicals, which affect both workers and the environment.

From the Paper
"Ship repair yards around the world build and repair barges, ships, and other large vessels, both for commercial and military purposes. This industry includes operations which alter and rebuild ships, with corresponding facilities that can manufacture offshore oil and gas well drilling and production platforms. However, ship yards around the world are notorious for emitting excessive amounts of toxic chemicals, which affect both workers and the environment. During the process of stripping the old paints from ship hulls, paint chips are liberated from the surface of the ship hulls, which may contain trubutyltoluene (TBT) used as..."

Tags:grit, pain, solvent

Abstract
The paper relates that the contaminants which are of concern in the Arctic are based on their chemical properties, transport, uptake, and persistence in the environment. The paper explains that such chemical properties include high volatility, and ability to adhere to particles both within the gaseous or liquid form, which allows the chemical to disperse readily from its source and travel easily its destination. The paper discusses how the Arctic also provides an efficient system both to capture and biomagnify many of the fat soluble compounds, such as mercury and POPs (persistant organic pollutants), since volatile compounds form the mid and low latitudes reach the arctic via a 'global distillation process'.

From the Paper
"What are the two most important contaminants of Canada's Arctic Ecoregion today? Why do you think they are the most important? Where do they come from and how did they get to the Arctic? Is the situation improving or getting worse? Why? The contaminants which are of concern in the Arctic are based on their chemical properties transport, uptake, and persistence in the environment. Such chemical properties include high volatility, and ability to adhere to particles both within the gaseous or liquid form, which allows the chemical to disperse readily from its source and travel easily its destination. The Arctic also provides an efficient system both to capture..."

Tags:iso 14000, contaminants, james bay

Abstract
This paper looks at the different types of contaminants that exist and the role they play in polluting the environment. The paper also looks at the damage these pollutants cause to human and animal life and the activities that are mostly involved in the ongoing process of environmental contamination.

From the Paper
"In today's modern life, there are many activities that produce toxic or harmful chemicals and pathogens to be released into the environment. Both pathogens and toxic chemicals cause various kinds of illness and disease in humans as well as in other living organisms"

Tags:dioxin, fish, wildlife, chemicals, pesticides, heavy, metals, national, research, council, concentrations, eutrophication

Abstract
This paper examines the problem of perchlorate contamination. The paper explains how the chemical is typically used, how it has seeped into the groundwater supply, the potentially hazardous effects it can have on humans, and what is being done to address the perchlorate contamination. The paper also reports on the efforts of government regulatory agencies, the private sector, and the Department of Defense to eliminate the threat of perchlorate contamination.

From the Paper
"According to the FDA, perchlorate is both a naturally occurring and a man-made chemical. While natural perchlorate is primarily found in nitrate fertilizer deposits in Chile, manufactured perchlorate is used in the United States (and other countries as well) as the primary ingredient of solid rocket propellant (FDA 2003). Perchlorate has also been used for many years as an ingredient in such things as fireworks and was, until about 50 years ago, used as a medication for certain thyroid conditions. For much of this century, however, the primary use for perchlorate has been in making propellant fuels for missiles to be used in our defense of the Cold War. Several corporations have been contracted by our government to produce this fuel and, over the years, a huge amount of perchlorate has found its way into groundwaters via the disposal practices of these corporations."

Tags:health, problems, drinking, water, environmental, protection, agency, maximum, contaminant, levels

Abstract
This paper explains that, at one time, there were no problems with landfills because trash, such as wood, paper, oxidizable metals and organic garbage, was biodegradable; now, Styrofoam and other plastic based wrappings and containers, in which almost everything is over-wrapped, survive decomposition for decades and decades even when crushed. The author points out the problems of trash handle in the 21st century are: (1) Landfills are filling up at an astronomical rate, (2) they are not decomposing at the rate they used to before non-biodegradable items were being added, (3) because of this inconsistent rate of biodegradability, many landfills are developing large pockets of methane gas and leachate or "garbage juice", which is a potential threat to the ground water and (4) companies are dumping highly toxic materials in the landfill. The paper stresses that the only ways we are going to make landfills nearly obsolete are by recycling, which must be supported by very strong recycling laws, and by seeking improved technologies for waste disposal and long-term chemical contamination.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Hazardous Waste and Landfills
Problems with Non Hazardous Landfills
Conclusion

From the Paper
"According to the group "Make Less Waste", waste prevention is any practice that reduces the amount or toxicity of waste, including making goods last longer, reusing products and reducing packaging. It's a good way to save money, reduce pollution and conserve energy. They point out some ways we can reduce the amount of waste we generate. Some suggestions include avoiding "over-packaged" products. We should look for the most purposeful, least wasteful packaging. We should re-use or refuse shopping bags and bring your own bags. One of the best ways of making less waste is to avoid disposable versions of razors, pens, lighters, batteries, plates, cups, napkins and diapers. We cam choose products made from recycled material and buy products in glass, steel, or aluminum because all of these products have some recycled content and can be recycled. If we buy concentrates, "economy" sizes, and products selected from bulk bin, we save on packaging waste. To reduce fast food packaging, ask that your fast food be wrapped only in paper and refuse bags and Styrofoam boxes. Instead of throwing them away, donate used items such as clothes, furniture and books to charitable organizations."

Tags:leachate, laws, packaging-reduction, non-biodegradable, chemical-contamination

Abstract
The paper discusses how preventing and responding to terrorism are two issues that are now critical aspects of the United States' security and political landscape. The paper attempts to investigate why the water systems of large cities are vulnerable to terrorists' attacks. The paper also evaluates why the water system in the city of Chicago is vulnerable to terrorist attacks. The paper discusses how such an attack would most likely be unsuccessful because of detection methods, dilution, chlorination and the filtration processes but there is still an element of danger. The paper looks at the theories of bioterrorism and bioterrorism defense.

Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Water Facilities in Large Metropolitan Areas
What Will Happen if Terror Attacks Do Occur?
Protecting These Systems
Chicago Water Systems Vulnerability
Theoretical Framework
Competing Hypothesis

From the Paper
"Biological and chemical warfare are particular concerns for the American government as it relates to protecting the citizenry. America has already experienced small scale biological attacks with the anthrax attacks that occurred following the terrorists attacks of September eleventh. Anthrax is a naturally occurring substance that causes severe respiratory problems and can result in death. The previous Anthrax attack affected only a few people; however a large scale attack using anthrax or some other biological agent could be catastrophic. The impact of such an attack could have devastating consequences as millions of Americans could be left dead or seriously ill."

Tags:mosaic, theory, anthrax, chemical, warfare, bioterrorism

Abstract
The paper explains that the technology boom produces vast amounts of waste, especially when manufacturers purposefully incorporate obsolescence into their products. The paper relates that wealthy nations are able to pay to ship their toxic waste to poorer nations, causing them to choose between poverty and poison. The paper contends that to deal with this issue, the developed world needs to provide more technical assistance to developing communities that are processing e-waste in order to make the recycling and disposal process less dangerous for workers and for the environment.

Outline:
Introduction: What Is E-Waste?
Toxic Electronics and Their Environmental Impact
Making a Living from Toxic Waste in the Third World
Conclusion: The Terrible Choice between Poverty and Poison

From the Paper
"Unfortunately, we rarely think that there is any association between toxic waste contamination and poverty. There is, however, a direct correlation between the level of affluence of a nation and its willingness to accept toxic waste from other nations. In some respects, wealthy nations are simply able to pay to ship their problems to other, poorer nations. Those poorer nations have less economic recourse to deal with the toxic waste with the end result being the pollution of the health of the environment and the people with toxic waste. In many parts of the Third World, such as nations in Asia, Africa, and Eastern Europe, communities have been forced to choose "between poverty or poison" (Great e-waste, 2002). This is a choice that highlights the relationship between poverty and toxic waste."

Tags:technology, electronics, recycling, chemicals

Abstract
The paper evaluates some of the predominant methods of remediation of chromium contaminated sites. The paper notes that the methods employed are divided into two types: removal from the soil (in which various chemical extractants are used to flush chromium from the site) or immobilization in the soil (in which reducing agents are used to break down dangerous forms of chromium). The paper examines several of the more promising methods of remediation currently being employed, and concludes with a discussion and analysis of the methods in terms of their real-world applicability.

Outline:
Introduction
Remediation Methods
Discussion

From the Paper
" Chromium contamination, especially contamination of Cr(VI), is a significant environmental hazard. It will have a significant effect on the quality of the soil and the quality of the groundwater. Because of this, it is very important that effective and practical remediation techniques be developed that can chemically remove or immobilize the presence of chromium at the site. After briefly examining some of the methods currently being developed, which can be roughly divided into extractive versus immobilization techniques, there seems to be demonstrable promise in the possibility of cleaning up chromium-contaminated sites."

Tags:immobilization, techniques, phytoremediation, bioreduction

Abstract
This paper provides a history of the problem which allowed GE to dump hazardous waste into the Hudson River. These chemicals, Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), are said to cause cancer and other health problems. The writer examines the arguments of both parties and those presented in the legal battle which is still in progress.

From the Paper
"Imagine, if you will, a sunny day. A boy and his father are fishing on the beautiful waters of the Hudson River. Excitedly, the boy yells, "I got a fish! I got a fish!" He reels it in and his father removes the hook from its mouth. Dad says, "That sure is nice one, son." He then tosses the fish back in the water. When the boy asks why, the father explains that the fish in these waters are dangerous to eat. They contain high levels of Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). "

Tags:health, hazard, environmental, Polychlorinated, biphenyls, cancer, pollution, waste, contamination, court, case