Abstract In this report the writer explains chemical warfare and list the types of agents which can be used. It describes how a person is affected and the great potential hazards and dangers. The writer provides an overview of historical cases when chemical warfare has been used and explains how it's transmitted. The paper gives specific examples of certain types, and lastly, looks at how a person can be protected from chemical warfare.
From the Paper "On April 22 in 1915, six thousand pressurized cylinders full of chlorine gas were released into the wind near the Belgian village of Ypres. The chlorine floated in huge clouds slowly being carried by the wind until it reached an ally army to Germany, then killing 10,000 soldiers. Because of the amount of gas released the chlorine caused large amounts of yellowish fluid to form in the lungs of the soldiers causing them to choke to death. Germany attacked again another two days later killing another 5,000 soldiers with chlorine gas. This was the first chemical weapon attack in history and chlorine was the first chemical agent. Since then there have been a handful more times when chemicals have been used to attack other people and with the terrorist attacks on 9-11 Americans know the fear of chemicals being used against us. In this report I will explain chemical warfare, list the types, describe how a person is affected, explain when they’ve been used, explain how it’s transmitted, give specific examples of certain types, and lastly, how a person is protected from chemical warfare."
Abstract In this article the writer discusses that, throughout time, the quest to dominate another is limited only to the imagination of one man poised against the other. The writer points out that sometimes common flu symptoms such as headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, coughing, and shortness of breath are the first signs of chemical and biological warfare (CBW). The writer maintains that for some reason, the more one searches for answers to counter the effects of CBW the worse it gets. In this essay, discussion centers upon the 1972 Biological Weapon's Convention and the Geneva Protocol. The writer focuses on scientific research in this regard and identifies several items that are being used to help detect biological and chemicalagents.
Outline:
Abstract
Advantages
Disadvantages
ChemicalAgents and their Effects
From the Paper "Throughout history, chemical and biological weapons (CBW), warriors and terrorists have used a wide range of tactics and techniques to help defeat their enemy on and off the battlefield. These weapons are used in war to gain the upper advantage against a more formidable adversary, to enhance the political status of a rogue terrorist group, or to cripple the economy of a nation from the simple mailing of a threatening letter with powder. Whatever the reason, the unknown effects of a release can be devastating. Law enforcement personnel who respond to the initial crisis of a release or assist with the aftermath have to know the difference between a chemical and a biological agent release. These weapons of war also have evolved from throwing rocks and sticks at each other to the unthinkable weapons of mass destruction called bioterrorism. You may ask yourself, what is bioterrorism? The Center for Disease Control defines bioterrorism as the intentional or threatened use of bacteria, fungi, or toxins from living organisms to produce death or disease in humans, animals, or plants and involves intimidation of nations or people to accomplish political or social ends."
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses Agent Orange which was a red-orange 50-50 liquid mixture of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The writer notes that American and Allied Forces soldiers recalled Agent Orange as a red liquid dropping from jungle leaves, which soaked their uniforms as they went on patrol. The writer explains that its purpose was to defoliate trees and remove the enemies' jungle cover in Vietnam. The writer also notes that this deadly liquid is now known to be responsible for a wide range of ailments, including disabilities and death, to an estimated 2.6 million Vietnam veterans and their offspring. The writer concludes that it has been more than 30 years since the use of these herbicides and that it was past the time for full and open disclosure of the hard facts in this regard.
From the Paper "Federal authorities first became aware of the condition in 1979 when the Veterans Affairs offered health care and medical examination to the veterans. The medical surveillance program was meant to review the veterans' health concerns. The VA examined 334,000 of the 3.4 million veterans and registered the findings in a computer database. The VA has an Advisory Committee on Health-Related Effects of the Herbicides, established in 1979 to record and evaluate the health effects of the herbicides used in Vietnam by the soldiers. The VA also set up the Veterans' Advisory Committee on Environmental Hazards, composed of non-VA experts on dioxin and radiation exposure. Its duty was to advise on the outcomes of activities surrounding the use of Agent Orange. A 1991 federal law directed the VA to ask the National Academy of Sciences to or NAS to review the diseases linked to herbicide exposure."
Abstract This paper presents a simulated disaster detection, protection and response plan for a Metropolitan subway system in the event of a chemicalagent terrorist attack. The paper discusses the plan's early warning and rapid response measures.
Abstract The paper discusses how firefighting has changed profoundly with the implementation of access and extrication tools, protective gear and equipment, electrical power, chemicalagents and motorized vehicles. The paper points out that the common feature among firefighters of every generation is the commitment and the raw courage required by the profession.
Outline:
Introduction
Protective Gear and Equipment
Access and Extrication Tools
Fire Suppression
Conclusion
From the Paper "Firefighting in organized form began in New Amsterdam in 1648, sixteen years before the colony was renamed New York. In those days, firefighting equipment consisted of nothing more than leather buckets, hooks, and ladders all transported by hand and horse-drawn carriage. At that time, the primary duty of the fire brigade was to patrol the streets for nighttime fires from 9:00 PM until daybreak The addition of hand-drawn pumpers took another 74 years, when the city procured two British-made pumpers from England in 1731, designated as Engine Company 1 and Engine Company 2 (NYFD 2006)."
Abstract Historical paper on the little known accidental release of toxic mustard gas during WWII by the Americans. The paper examines in great deal the attack on Bari and discusses many of the battles before and after this attack. It questions whether the American's use of chemicalagents was useful in achieving their goals and how this impacted the rest of World War Two.
From the Paper "During World War II, one of the main goals of the Nazis in Germany was to destroy as many "unwanted" populations as possible. To accomplish this, many of the ?unwanted,? including Jews, Gypsies, Disabled people and Homosexuals, were imprisoned in death camps. Finding quick and efficient ways of exterminating these people was a continuous challenge throughout the war. The gas chambers finally became the most efficient way, and the most common chemical used in the chambers was Zyklon B. However, Himmler, the Reichsfuhrer-SS, was never satisfied with the operation of the death camps, nor the success of Zyklon B. Himmler was constantly searching for more economical methods to exterminate large segments of the unwanted population, and ironically, an allied catastrophe in 1943 gave him an opportunity to test a toxic war gas. The Luftwaffe bombing of allied merchant ships in the harbor at Bari, Italy, on December 3, 1943, was one of the German Air Force's most successful missions of the entire war. Twenty five ships were sunk, instantly killing 2000 persons. It was the worst allied naval disaster except for Pearl Harbor; and it seriously delayed allied efforts to overrun Italy. But the real horror of the event and one of the best kept secrets of Word War II was the unleashing of 100 tons of poison gas! "
Tags: allies, chemical, gas, germany, himmler, mustard, nazis, war
Abstract This paper discusses the current problems, advantages, disadvantages and applications pertaining to intelligent agents. It expands on its business application as artificial intelligence technology. The author explores the problems posed by Internet research.
From the Paper "An intelligent agent is defined as a self-sufficient piece of code that can make decisions without human intervention. In addition it has the ability to adapt itself and become more efficient and effective as it is utilized. As such it ..."
Abstract This paper presents a review of legal issues surrounding a chemical castration law for the state of California. It looks at the design of the law as a measure to protect children from sexual offenders. The paper looks at current methods of chemical castration, the vagueness of the law and the question of whether chemical castration is a treatment or punishment.
From the Paper "Today as it tries to deal with the reality of the sexual abuse of children within its borders the state of California is faced with a quandary. On the one hand the sexual abuse of children is an appalling fact that devastates thousands ..."
Abstract The paper uses two of the most famous breeches of United States intelligence agencies, those involving Aldrich Ames and Robert Hanssen, to show that the individual psychology of intelligence officers is often the source of leaks and betrayal. The paper looks at Ames' monetary desires and Hanssen's thirst for appreciation that encouraged them to become double agents. The paper highlights how in both cases the obvious symptoms of a mole were absent.
From the Paper "In terms of national security, counterintelligence remains an essential component of maintaining a firm and secure hold upon potentially dangerous information. It is widely recognized that within a setting in which competing intelligence organizations are continually attempting to infiltrate the ranks of other intelligence agencies, deciding who is privy to what is often a dangerous gamble. Intelligence agencies must be conscious of the type of individuals they put in possession of delicate bits of information; this applies not merely to the background, past affiliations, and political views of these people; the individual psychology of intelligence officers is often the source of leaks and betrayal. "
Abstract This paper shows that one of the main concerns in Chemical Mechanical Planarization processing is the material removal rate (MRR). The paper also critically reviews the existing MRR models of CMP and compares the assumptions, application aspects and limitations of the two groups? models.
From the Paper "Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) is the process of surface smoothing and planing by a combination of mechanical action and chemical dissolution. This process is achieved by rubbing a work piece against a polishing pad under load in the presence of chemically active slurry containing an abrasive. CMP is one of the most effective planarization technologies for achieving smaller feature size for the integrated circuit (IC) industry. "
Abstract This paper looks at the harrowing effects of chemical warfare and how it changed the face of war during WWI. It gives examples of the types of weaponry used, their side effects and how these have developed to become the destructive arms of today.
From the Paper "According to many of the period's experts, WWI was supposed to be fought by large numbers of men, in a heroic fashion, with the other technologically advanced weapons such as planes, machine-guns and tanks. Instead of the 'normal' war of the attacker winning and the defender put on the run, this war was interrupted by trench warfare and battles of attrition. Trenches were the norm, and to help get battles back to 'natural' means, gas was put into practice to help each side get back into (in their eyes at the time) a more modern conflict. So what were these chemical weapons? How and when were they used? What role did they play in the soldier's day-to-day life both physically and psychologically? "
Tags: bombs, chemicals, france, gas, germany, hague, history, military, trench, war, warfare, wwi
Abstract Mosquitoes are insects that have been around for approximately 30 million years. Mosquitoes can sense carbon dioxide and lactic acid up to 100 feet away. If a person wears light or white clothing, mosquitoes can see him/her and zero in on him/her. Mosquitoes can detect heat. One way to stop mosquitoes is to confuse their chemical receptors.
Tags: NURSING, HEALTHCARE / HEALTH AND HEALTHCARE ISSUES, chemical mosquito pesticides
Abstract This paper describes chemical warfare in insects. The paper begins by offering a definition of the chemistry of vision. Next the paper discusses the role of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cancer. Then the paper explains the effect of chlorfluorocarbons on the ozone layer, nature, chemistry and sources of petroleum.
Tags:chemical warfare among insects, chemistry of vision, polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons and cancer, chlorofluorocarbons and the ozone hole, petroleum
Abstract The paper reveals that, although lethal chemical and biological (CB) agents are not very difficult to obtain or produce, the dissemination of CB agents may be more difficult. The paper reveals further that experts believe that only a few CB agents have the ability to paralyze a large city or area of the U.S., causing high casualties, a major panic and massive disruption of commerce. The paper relates that the most probable diseases are anthrax, smallpox and the plague that can and have caused large outbreaks. The paper concludes that the U.S. public health systems must be prepared to detect, diagnose and respond appropriately to these weapons and also be ready to deal with the wide-scale human psychological terror this would cause.
From the Paper "The bombings of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City and the World Trade Center in New York, as well as ongoing terrorist attacks as the car bombs just last month have made it very clear that it is necessary to prepare for the effects of terrorism. Similarly, the sarin gas attacks in Matsumoto and later at the Tokyo Metro in the 1990s by the Supreme Truth religious cult and the anthrax attacks in 2001 added another level to coping with terrorism. With many different biological and chemical weapons possible, it is necessary to somehow narrow down the viable options for preparedness. "
Abstract In the wake of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States, anthrax, a deadly chemicalagent, began showing up in many areas of the East Coast. The nation came to fear anthrax, but was that fear justified? The paper argues that while the anthrax outbreaks caused relatively few deaths, the use of anthrax as a weapon of bioterrorism should be anticipated with fear and dread. The agent is deadly and the vaccines against it are controversial at best. The paper shows that anthrax is indeed a weapon of mass destruction if it falls into the wrong hands.
From the Paper "Perhaps the most disturbing aspect of anthrax is its longevity. The spores can lie dormant for literally years, but they can still infect a person after years of exposure to the elements. Researchers know this because of past studies conducted on the disease and the spores that cause it. For example, British researchers studied the disease and its affect on animals for about a year in an isolated Scottish bog during World War II. During their studies, they exposed sheep to various types of weapons containing anthrax spores, including bombs, bullets, and other dispersants."
