Abstract
In this article the writer discusses that, throughout time, the quest to dominate another is limited only to the imagination of one man poised against the other. The writer points out that sometimes common flu symptoms such as headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, coughing, and shortness of breath are the first signs of chemical and biological warfare (CBW). The writer maintains that for some reason, the more one searches for answers to counter the effects of CBW the worse it gets. In this essay, discussion centers upon the 1972 Biological Weapon's Convention and the Geneva Protocol. The writer focuses on scientific research in this regard and identifies several items that are being used to help detect biological and chemical agents.

Outline:
Abstract
Advantages
Disadvantages
Chemical Agents and their Effects

From the Paper
"Throughout history, chemical and biological weapons (CBW), warriors and terrorists have used a wide range of tactics and techniques to help defeat their enemy on and off the battlefield. These weapons are used in war to gain the upper advantage against a more formidable adversary, to enhance the political status of a rogue terrorist group, or to cripple the economy of a nation from the simple mailing of a threatening letter with powder. Whatever the reason, the unknown effects of a release can be devastating. Law enforcement personnel who respond to the initial crisis of a release or assist with the aftermath have to know the difference between a chemical and a biological agent release. These weapons of war also have evolved from throwing rocks and sticks at each other to the unthinkable weapons of mass destruction called bioterrorism. You may ask yourself, what is bioterrorism? The Center for Disease Control defines bioterrorism as the intentional or threatened use of bacteria, fungi, or toxins from living organisms to produce death or disease in humans, animals, or plants and involves intimidation of nations or people to accomplish political or social ends."

Tags:warfare, terrorists, mass, destruction, bioterrorism

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses Agent Orange which was a red-orange 50-50 liquid mixture of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The writer notes that American and Allied Forces soldiers recalled Agent Orange as a red liquid dropping from jungle leaves, which soaked their uniforms as they went on patrol. The writer explains that its purpose was to defoliate trees and remove the enemies' jungle cover in Vietnam. The writer also notes that this deadly liquid is now known to be responsible for a wide range of ailments, including disabilities and death, to an estimated 2.6 million Vietnam veterans and their offspring. The writer concludes that it has been more than 30 years since the use of these herbicides and that it was past the time for full and open disclosure of the hard facts in this regard.

From the Paper
"Federal authorities first became aware of the condition in 1979 when the Veterans Affairs offered health care and medical examination to the veterans. The medical surveillance program was meant to review the veterans' health concerns. The VA examined 334,000 of the 3.4 million veterans and registered the findings in a computer database. The VA has an Advisory Committee on Health-Related Effects of the Herbicides, established in 1979 to record and evaluate the health effects of the herbicides used in Vietnam by the soldiers. The VA also set up the Veterans' Advisory Committee on Environmental Hazards, composed of non-VA experts on dioxin and radiation exposure. Its duty was to advise on the outcomes of activities surrounding the use of Agent Orange. A 1991 federal law directed the VA to ask the National Academy of Sciences to or NAS to review the diseases linked to herbicide exposure."

Tags:chemical, Vietnam, deadly, acid

Abstract
In this report the writer explains chemical warfare and list the types of agents which can be used. It describes how a person is affected and the great potential hazards and dangers. The writer provides an overview of historical cases when chemical warfare has been used and explains how it?s transmitted. The paper gives specific examples of certain types, and lastly, looks at how a person can be protected from chemical warfare.

From the Paper
"On April 22 in 1915, six thousand pressurized cylinders full of chlorine gas were released into the wind near the Belgian village of Ypres. The chlorine floated in huge clouds slowly being carried by the wind until it reached an ally army to Germany, then killing 10,000 soldiers. Because of the amount of gas released the chlorine caused large amounts of yellowish fluid to form in the lungs of the soldiers causing them to choke to death. Germany attacked again another two days later killing another 5,000 soldiers with chlorine gas. This was the first chemical weapon attack in history and chlorine was the first chemical agent. Since then there have been a handful more times when chemicals have been used to attack other people and with the terrorist attacks on 9-11 Americans know the fear of chemicals being used against us. In this report I will explain chemical warfare, list the types, describe how a person is affected, explain when they ve been used, explain how it s transmitted, give specific examples of certain types, and lastly, how a person is protected from chemical warfare."

Tags:agents, weapons, hazard

Abstract
The paper reveals that, although lethal chemical and biological (CB) agents are not very difficult to obtain or produce, the dissemination of CB agents may be more difficult. The paper reveals further that experts believe that only a few CB agents have the ability to paralyze a large city or area of the U.S., causing high casualties, a major panic and massive disruption of commerce. The paper relates that the most probable diseases are anthrax, smallpox and the plague that can and have caused large outbreaks. The paper concludes that the U.S. public health systems must be prepared to detect, diagnose and respond appropriately to these weapons and also be ready to deal with the wide-scale human psychological terror this would cause.

From the Paper
"The bombings of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City and the World Trade Center in New York, as well as ongoing terrorist attacks as the car bombs just last month have made it very clear that it is necessary to prepare for the effects of terrorism. Similarly, the sarin gas attacks in Matsumoto and later at the Tokyo Metro in the 1990s by the Supreme Truth religious cult and the anthrax attacks in 2001 added another level to coping with terrorism. With many different biological and chemical weapons possible, it is necessary to somehow narrow down the viable options for preparedness. "

Tags:anthrax, smallpox, plague, outbreak

Abstract
Historical paper on the little known accidental release of toxic mustard gas during WWII by the Americans. The paper examines in great deal the attack on Bari and discusses many of the battles before and after this attack. It questions whether the American's use of chemical agents was useful in achieving their goals and how this impacted the rest of World War Two.

From the Paper
"During World War II, one of the main goals of the Nazis in Germany was to destroy as many "unwanted" populations as possible. To accomplish this, many of the "unwanted," including Jews, Gypsies, Disabled people and Homosexuals, were imprisoned in death camps. Finding quick and efficient ways of exterminating these people was a continuous challenge throughout the war. The gas chambers finally became the most efficient way, and the most common chemical used in the chambers was Zyklon B. However, Himmler, the Reichsfuhrer-SS, was never satisfied with the operation of the death camps, nor the success of Zyklon B. Himmler was constantly searching for more economical methods to exterminate large segments of the unwanted population, and ironically, an allied catastrophe in 1943 gave him an opportunity to test a toxic war gas. The Luftwaffe bombing of allied merchant ships in the harbor at Bari, Italy, on December 3, 1943, was one of the German Air Force's most successful missions of the entire war. Twenty five ships were sunk, instantly killing 2000 persons. It was the worst allied naval disaster except for Pearl Harbor; and it seriously delayed allied efforts to overrun Italy. But the real horror of the event and one of the best kept secrets of Word War II was the unleashing of 100 tons of poison gas! "

Tags:allies, chemical, gas, germany, himmler, mustard, nazis, war

Abstract
Technical discussion of toxic properties of various weapons. Purpose of producing physiological or physical effects on enemy forces. Modern origin in use of mustard gas in World War I. Describes blistering agents (vesicants), nerve gas, VX, Soman, B2, toxins and allergens. Treaties to prevent use of chemical weapons. The Geneva Protocol of 1925 and the Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993.

From the Paper
"Chemical weapons use the toxic properties of chemicals to produce physical or physiological effects, usually on enemy forces during wars (FAS-Introduction, 2001). Although they have been used throughout history, chemical weapons are thought of as originating during World War I with the use of mustard gas by both sides. In 1925, the Geneva Protocol was signed which prohibited the use of chemical weapons in warfare, but several nations who signed the pact, including the United States, did so with the proviso that they reserved the right to retaliate in kind if chemical weapons were used against them. Neither side used chemical weapons during World War II. Common agents in use are: the blood agents arsine, cyanogen chloride and hydrogen chloride; the choking agents chlorine, diphosgene, PFIB and phosgene; nerve agents GA (tabun), GB (sarin), GD (soman), GE, GF, V..."

Abstract
This paper explores the chemical structure and clinical uses of technetium-based radio-pharmaceuticals which have since the 1970s, served as the mainstay for every hospital?s nuclear medicine department. Today, fully 85% of all diagnostic scans in American hospitals use 99mTc in some chemical form. It includes a brief overview of several "technetium-essential" and "technetium-tagged" radio-pharmaceuticals, as well as a discussion of current areas of research and development for new technetium drugs.

From the Paper
"Technetium-99m has several physical properties that make it ideal for use in nuclear medicine. Foremost among these is that Tc-99m generally emits only gamma rays. These gamma ray photons are of a high enough energy (140,000 eV) that they can easily pass through dense tissue and exit the body, but can be effectively stopped and detected by a special gamma camera. Other radionuclides generate alpha and/or beta particles, which are diagnostically useless since they lack the penetrating ability to exit the human body. Worse, the ionizing ability of these decay products can damage tissue."

Tags:diagnostic, imaging, drugs, gamma, rays

Abstract
This is a comprehensive paper on organizational change in a SME chemical products company. The paper deals with the effects of globalization and consolidation. One section of the paper deals with concepts and theory, and the second section is on the human change agent. The final section of the paper is a scenario on a proposed change for the chemical company.

From the Paper
"The chemical products company that is the focus organization in this study is a small-to-medium enterprise, (SME), based in the United States. The Company heretofore has targeted the domestic market. Combined effects of consolidation in the chemical products industry, the globalization of economic activity generally and the so-called war on terror create productivity, pricing, distribution, regulatory and ethical scenarios that threaten the future of the Company. The purpose of this study is to..."

Tags:Organizational Development, chemical company, Organizational Change, change agent

Abstract
This paper is an incomplete presentation of a series of monographs for carcinogens. All carcinogens chosen were chosen based on being carcinogenic components of cigarette smoking. Two Group One carcinogens - Benzene and Radon were chosen, two group two carcinogens - formaldehyde and acrylonitrile were also chosen. Each were discussed in this paper based on chemical use, derivation (natural or synthetic), safety levels, results of acute exposure and results of cumulative exposure.

From the Paper
"The following monograms are all cancerous agents from Group 1, Group 2 and Group 2B carcinogens that result from tobacco smoke ("Tobacco smoke, 1999). Group 1 - Benzene, CAS# 71-43-2 Chemical uses. Benzene is used in many industries as a solvent and chemical additive, ranging from the rubber and oil industries to shoe manufacturers and chemical plants ("Benzene," 2006). Benzene is also a component of many consumer goods, primarily as a solvent, such as glues, art supplies of varying kinds, glues, paint strippers as well as various detergents and other cleaning supplies ("Benzene," 2006). How developed. Benzene is a colorless, highly flammable liquid formed from natural processes such as forest fires and volcanoes ("Benzene," 2006). For over 150 years, however, benzene has been produced commercially from coal and more recently petroleum."

Tags:carcinogens, chemicals, monograph

Abstract
This paper presents a simulated disaster detection, protection and response plan for a Metropolitan subway system in the event of a chemical agent terrorist attack. The paper discusses the plan's early warning and rapid response measures.

Tags:terrorism, chemical agent, subway, security, detection, response, emergency