Abstract
The article examines how the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) enacted a rule that allowed national banks to charge fees for cashing checks, or negotiable interests, when an individual did not have an account with the bank. This rule also allowed the banks to espouse a "largest check first" policy, by paying the largest check received first, rather than taking into consideration the time a check was received. Additionally, the OCC ruled that checks lose their status as negotiable instruments under the UCC whenever payment is conditional, and did this to ensure banks could collect fees without losing UCC benefits.

From the Paper
ARTICLE REVIEW MEMORANDUM UNIVERSITY OF PHOENIX DATE: March 28, 2008 TO: Facilitator's Name From: Student's Name RE: Wilmarth, A.E., Jr. (2007). Viewpoint: The OCC's twisted logic on overdrafts. American Banker, 172(154), 11. ARTICLE SYNOPSIS The article examines how the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency

Tags:negotiable, instruments, checks

Abstract
This paper explains that one of the most vital aspects the founding fathers implemented in the U.S. Constitution was that ability of each branch to check on the other branches to make sure that one branch does not become too powerful. The author points out that one of the most powerful checks, which is not implemented in the Constitution, is judicial review, which has been implemented many times to ensure that the legislative and executive branches have been within the law. The paper states that Congress was established as the major and most powerful body of the government; therefore, Congress has the most checks on the other branches such as, on the executive branch, the power to override presidential vetoes or, on the judicial branch, the power to alter the size of the Supreme Court.

From the Paper
"The judiciary branch consists of a system of courts. The courts are political institutions in which the decisions that they make are only as useful as the enforcement methods following. The most known of all the courts is the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court is the superior law of the land and the ruling that are issued are enforced the most. The court chooses which cases it hears, and it hears very few cases ach year. The cases that are heard have gone through a very rigorous selection process. A request is made called the writ of certiorari, from there the "Rule of Four" follows, meaning four judges must agree to hear the case. Most cases chosen are major controversial cases in which there is a public out-cry for a ruling. "

Tags:judiciary, executive, congress, racial-barriers, equality

Abstract
This paper explains that the lack of information to make informed hiring decisions is the result of current privacy laws. The paper reviews the degree to which potential employees lie to get the job and the way that these laws tie the hands of former employers from revealing the true nature and experience of their former employees. The paper argues that changes in these privacy laws are needed especially to protect small businesses.

From the Paper
"Some privacy advocates imply that conducting such in-depth reference checks could lead to discrimination against some perspective employees. The civil rights act of 1964 and the amended act of 1991 (collectively known as Title VII) protects discrimination in employment on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin or sex; to put it another way, to require that employment decisions be made on job-related criteria alone. The effects of background and reference checks are not to uncover any information in regard to the protected segments."

Tags:unions liability, informed decision, wavier, full disclosure

Abstract
This paper explores the three branches of government that create a system of checks and balances and separation of power. It outlines how laws are passed and how they are defeated. It also shows how this system of government came to be.

From the paper:

"The separation of the functions of the three branches of government, viz. the executive, the legislative and the judiciary, is one of the basic principles of American democracy and government. The purpose of having three separate independent branches is ostensibly to keep checks and balances between them so that they do not exceed their powers and keep a watch over one another's functioning."

Tags:U.S., politics, law, executive, legislative, judiciary

Abstract
Non-Sufficient Funds (NSF) checks, as well as other matters, such as the sale of goods, credit, and bank transactions, are covered by the model statute known as the Uniform Commercial Code, or ?U.C.C.? This paper discusses the U.C.C. code that is the primary source of law regarding the policies that American states can pursue regarding a non-sufficient funds check. The paper provides an example of how the code was applied to a case in Connecticut.

From the Paper
"The Universal Commercial Code in itself, and as adopted by various states, is an extremely powerful tool in clarifying the rights and responsibilities of commercial trade and business. However, its application, like all legal applications, can be quite complex, as is shown in Tuttle vs. Equifax. Further, it should be remembered that, although the UCC is, in name, Universal, different states can determine which of its provisions they want to adopt, and they may also amend those provisions. For this reason, Connecticut law can differ significantly from the law governing similar non sufficient funds issues in other states."

Tags:Fourth, Article, Tuttle, Equifax

Abstract
This paper studies the validity of leg checks in chiropractic care and relates that leg checks have been successful in aiding prognosis.

Tags:validity, leg, checks

Abstract
This paper explains that, while there are some consumers who remain loyal to checks for security reasons and the comfort of seeing things in print, more and more customers are enjoying electronic payments; therefore, electronic transactions are transforming the banking industry. The author points out that, in addition to electronic payments being convenient, they are less expensive for the consumer, particularly through the use of online bill payment, and offer opportunities for rewards for using credit and debit cards. The paper states that, in other countries, banks have been able to make checks all but obsolete by charging considerably more for check transactions than for other forms of payment. The paper includes several long quotations.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Electronic Payments vs. Traditional Checks
The Advantages of Electronic Transactions for Banks
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Although the Banking System is moving toward becoming paperless, American's still write more checks per person than any other industrialized nation. An article entitled "Why do we Use so many checks" asserts that in the year 2000 49.6 billion checks were written and were valued at $47.7 trillion. The author explains that unlike other countries the United States experienced an increase in check writing during the 1990's which has contributed to the continued use of checks. As was previously mentioned in this discussion, the number of checks that are now being used has begun to decrease, but it is still a significant amount. "

Tags:paperless, rewards, conversion, obsolete, cards

Abstract
The Constitution of a democratic government provides for the control of powers through a system of Checks and Balances. The paper explains that this system refers to constitutional controls of the separate branches of government, i.e., executive, legislative and judicial, over one another to insure that not one will have more power over the two others. The paper shows that it is commonly believed that the policy provided by the checks and balances of the Federal Constitution of the United States makes it the best-known and most democratic system in the world today.

Paper Outline:
Checks and Balances in the Legislative Branch
The System and the People's Rights
The System and the Judiciary
A Brilliant System in Present Times

From the Paper
"The system has been tested by actual situations. After the Civil War, President Andrew Johnson vetoed 20 bills (Anonymous), after which Congress overrode more than 20 bills vetoed by the President. In 1918, Congress turned down the Treaty of Versailles, which then President Woodrow Wilson worked hard for. The Treaty was to end World War I. In 1935 to 1936, Supreme Court declared that the NIRA and the AAA, New Deal programs passed by the Roosevelt Administration, were unconstitutional. Likewise, former President Ronald Regan appointed Judge Robert Bork to the Supreme Court, but his appointment or nomination was rejected by Congress."

Tags:congress, president, Bill, Clinton

Abstract
This paper states that, although the Federal Constitution of the United States with its "Checks and Balances" makes it the best-known and most democratic system in the world today, most governments, even dictatorial ones, have a similar mechanism to balance the exercise of power among its branches. The author feels that the U.S. Constitution was and will be a reaction piece to events that happen to the people. This paper concludes that power must be controlled and accounted for: It is not only a right and a privilege but also, more so, a responsibility.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Checks and Balances in the Legislative Branch
The System and the People's Rights
The System and the Judiciary
A Brilliant System in Present Times

From the Paper
"The system has been tested by actual situations. After the Civil War, President Andrew Johnson vetoed 20 bills (Anonymous), after which Congress overrode more than 20 bills vetoed by the President. In 1918, Congress turned down the Treaty of Versailles, which then President Woodrow Wilson worked hard for. The Treaty was to end World War I. In 1935 to 1936, Supreme Court declared that the NIRA and the AAA, New Deal programs passed by the Roosevelt Administration, were unconstitutional. Likewise, former President Ronald Regan appointed Judge Robert Bork to the Supreme Court, but his appointment or nomination was rejected by Congress."

Tags:legislation, judicial, state, democracy, balance, responsibility

Abstract
This paper examines James Madison's concept of pluralism and its impact on American politics. The paper analyes Madison's views of pluralism and a system of checks and balances on U.S. political power among competing groups, and whether or not pluralism is still characteristic of modern American politics and factionalism.

From the Paper
"Since the founding of the United States, the concept of pluralism as proposed by James Madison has been a part of U S political and social life. Madison viewed the disputes arising from differing viewpoints of interest groups as fundamental to political life in a democracy. Madison was influential in ingraining pluralistic principles in the U S Constitution. The separation of powers in the Constitution envisioned each branch of government as a counterbalance or system of checks and balances to the others."

Tags:democracy, President Bush, tax cuts, media, interest groups, wealthy, poor, social institutions, government