Abstract This paper examines some of the ecological dynamics and game theory behind mutualisms and cheaters focusing on plant-pollinator relationships.
Table of Contents
Reciprocal Exploitation
Defensive Strategies: fruit abortion and selective maturation
Offensive Strategies: cheating insects
To cheat or not to cheat?
Evolutionary Consequences of Cheating
References
From the Paper "Although mutualisms have often been heralded as mutually beneficial relationships that exist for the good of all those involved, they are often not as good-natured as people would think (Soberon & Martinez del Rio 1985). Perhaps Darwin knew best when he claimed that "Natural selection cannot possibly produce any modification in any one species exclusively for the good of another species; though throughout nature one species incessantly takes advantage of, and profits by, the structures of another" (1859). Upon close inspection of the many mutualisms that pervade the global ecology, it becomes clear that there is a strong incentive for exploitation, either by one of the partners in the mutualism or by a third party species. Because of the conflict of interest that often exists between members of a mutualism, certain tendencies to "cheat" have evolved. By escaping the costs that go hand in hand with mutualisms, these cheaters are able to reap the benefits of the mutualistic relationship without having to provide any services or resources in return. Far from one partner acting altruistically toward the other, members in mutualisms are actually pursuing their own agendas, often carrying out self-beneficial actions as far as the other partner will allow. "
Abstract This paper contends that cheating is a significant problem among college students and that a majority of students either cheat or implicitly condones cheating. The paper presents the results of a survey performed on 161 students, inquiring about their opinions and experience regarding cheating and the likelihood that they would report a cheater. This study concluded that, while a majority of students believe that cheating is never justified, that same majority has participated in cheating ,either actively or passively, and would not be very likely to report cheating.
From the Paper "Cheating is a significant issue in schools today. According to a study performed by California State University, ?Most students (78%) reported cheating of at least one type.? (Butler et al.) Past studies have apparently been somewhat conflicted regarding the causes and incident of cheating. Missouri Western State College student Andrea Rittman found that only 16.7% of students reported cheating in college, though far more reported cheating in high school. However, her study was skewed because she only included cheating on tests, while prior studies had included other tasks such as paper-writing and projects. Considering the ease of ordering custom papers online at any number of web sites, one would be surprised if cheating on tests were the primary form of cheating in an academic setting. The California State University results included "Thirteen cheating behaviors" (Butler et al.) which no doubt accounts for its higher positive results."
Abstract The paper explores the technologies and strategies that cheaters use. The paper relates that a large percentage of students don't have any social or moral qualms with using technology to cheat. The paper then suggests how to minimize or eradicate the opportunities for students to cheat.
Outline:
Introduction
Technology in Today's Classroom
Ethos of Cheating Amongst Students
Preventative Measures Against Using Technology to Cheat
Conclusion
From the Paper "Since the dawn of academia there has always been an opportunity to cheat. Cheating has come a long way over the years from writing on your arms and hiding miniature scrolls of paper inside of ink pens to using I-pods, cell phones and Bluetooth capable devices to listen to answers. Cheating hasn't changed but the opportunities to do so have. With the increased acceptability of using technology inside our classrooms the chances of using technology to cheat has become more covert."
