Abstract
Human rights involve religion in that victimized groups have often been identifying by their religion as in India's Christian minority that has been many times attacked in the last 20s years, a scapegoat of Hindu chauvinists. Paper explains Hindu nationalism politics, dangerous ideology, people instructed to see Christians as an enemy of the state they are not; various references; summary of 2007 incidents in which 1,000 Indian Christians died.

From the Paper
India's Christians - Human Rights Violations & Religion. Introduction Democratic countries stress freedoms that include those to do with conscience, faith and religious expression as fundamental rights. However, protecting the rights of religious minorities can be problematic. In the Republic of India, a Westminster-derived constitution much like that of New Zealand or Canada guarantees religious freedom that in India is particularly important given special cultural regard for religion and with several religions long established. Unfortunately, the last twenty years have seen the rise of anti-Christian sentiment with significant violence

Tags:india xns, persecution of, hindutva

Abstract
This paper reviews the film "What Women Want" and in particular looks at why society imparts so many gender roles on men and women. It examines how the film is not a film about an attractive throwback to the Stone Age, but how it certainly portrays what a large group of men still believe about women, even today when there is supposed to be more "equality" between the sexes. It evaluates how Mel Gibson's over the top caricature of the hopelessly chauvinistic male at the beginning of the film is not actually as far-fetched as it might seem, which makes it all the more appalling. Today, many men still see women only as sex objects and even the most liberated man still believes he should head up the household and bring home the major portion of the bacon.

From the Paper
"Society looks at men and women differently, despite the advances women have made in women's rights. Women as leaders are viewed differently than men as leaders; it is that simple. In "What Women Want," Helen Hunt is viewed with skepticism, especially by Mel Gibson, when she first takes over the leadership role in the agency. The old adage "she slept her way to the top" is often the only way men can justify a woman's rise to prominence in business or government. Men simply do not want to admit that a mere woman might be more talented or qualified than they are, and so must make up personal reasons for professional results. This is not that unusual either, and the statistics of women who serve at the head of major corporations bears this out. There are far fewer women in positions of importance in large companies than men, the percentage is somewhere in the teens, rather than the sixties or even seventies."

Tags:men, society, chauvinist, equality

Abstract
Using Achebe's novel "Things Fall Apart," the paper analyzes the role of women in Igbo society. The paper maintains that while the culture is chauvinistic and undermines women's voices, it does afford women specific roles of importance.

From the Paper
"In Achebe's "Things Fall Apart" we are treated to the story of the oppression and eventual destruction of the culture and society of the Igbo people from outside forces. However within the Igbo culture and society we also see that an oppressive force exists. This oppressive force is exhibited by Achebe as the patriarchal structure of Igbo society that more often than not undermines the voice of women."

Tags:patriarchy, oppression, gender relations, mothers, domestic sphere

Abstract
This paper argues that Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic concepts illustrated in "The Interpretation of Dreams" and "Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality", which examine the discipline of dreams and sexuality, their implications and inner mechanisms, are significant tools for interpreting human behavior and intrinsic to learning critical theory. The author points out that, nonetheless, these theories are not strictly scientific, are not free from the taint of Freud's gross generalizations and sometimes represent his chauvinistic mindset. The author then uses these tools to disect Tennessee Williams' "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof" and in doing so, aligns himself with both critics who stress the inherent nature of Freud's theories in Tennessee Williams' "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof" as well as with the critics who assert that examining the play from a strictly psychoanalytic perspective can limit and compartmentalize certain of its dramatic elements and themes. The paper includes many quotations.

From the Paper
"The theories in "Interpretation" are linked to ideas presented in "Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality", which is considered an equally prominent and definitive publication in Freud's career. Although "Three Essays" does not include case studies, it also closely examines the nature of sexuality, which begins in early childhood and, like the nature of dreams, is ridden with angst and hidden meanings. According to Freud, sexuality is the driving force for repression, neurosis, and hysteria. One exemplary concept is castration anxiety, an idea involving a deep-rooted fear originating from the phallic stage in young men."

Tags:sexism, critics, structuralism, symbolism, sexuality

Abstract
The paper explains that, although the rest of the Western world was experiencing economical prosperity, the Weimar Republic was in economic shambles, humiliating the Germans, losing national consciousness and the sense of national dignity, and providing an excellent soil for the development of chauvinistic and revenge moods. The author points out that political revolution was obvious from the first days of Weimar Republic because strikes, workers movement in early 1920s, crisis, and depression served as evidence that the people were not satisfied with conditions of life, and they were ready to act. The paper relates that the NSDAP, or National Socialist German Workers Party, lead by Adolph Hitler, created favorable conditions for a radical political ideology of the right, which would defend national interests and revive the national ideal and dignity, even though this radical ideology was based on militarism, authoritarianism, anti-Semitism, and suppression of Communism.

From the Paper
"It all caused great social contradictions and social unrest which turned into November revolution of 1918. Starting from revolt in army and navy, revolution spread nearly over all Germany, demanding abolishment of monarchy, establishment of democratic republic and democratic freedoms to citizens. The main role in the revolution was played by two political parties of left orientation: Social-democratic Party of Germany and Independent Social-Democratic party of Germany. These parties, even though had a wide popularity over working and some of the middle class, did not come to an agreement of cooperation and unity and that's why their organized struggle failed. Moreover, "Spartac" group of SDP left party and established new - Communist Party, which demanded establishment of proletariat dictatorship. Because none of the forces had a control over whole territory of Germany, there was established a Council of people representatives (a coalitional government), which was the only legal body of power in the state before the elections to parliament took place."

Tags:hitler, failure, revolution, economy, humiliation

Abstract
The paper describes Marshall G.S. Hodgson as a non-conformist who sought to re-define the traditional scholarly interpretation of European history in a way that would place it within the true context of what was going on in the larger world. The paper discusses, for example, Hodgson's question as to why Europe is defined as a continent while India, which has essentially the same amount of linguistic, cultural and geographic diversity, is not defined as such. The paper does not approve of some of Hodgson's more strident rhetoric, but treats his work as a welcome corrective to chauvinistic depictions of the western world's historical narrative.

From the Paper
"Hodgson's work begins by looking at Europe within a global context and it does an estimable job of showing just how our paradigmatic view that places Europe at the center of all things manifests itself in the maps our school children see before them every day in class - or at least have seen until quite recently. For instance, the author points out that there is no geographical reason why Europe should be defined as a continent while India, which has essentially the same amount of linguistic, cultural and geographic diversity, is not defined as such. In Hodgson's view, this smacks of Euro-centrism and he insists that Europe's "continent status" is intended to give it a priority and significance disproportionate to its size. In fact, he goes so far as to define the traditional "Mercator map" as presenting a "Jim Crow projection" inasmuch as it shows Europe as being larger than Africa. Hodgson's critique is a powerful and evocative one and it needs to be looked at more closely because of the damning charges it brings and the important issues it raises."

Tags:Europe, Euro-centrism, Western, worldview, civilization, cultures

Abstract
This paper examines how Japan was notorious during the Second World War for actively encouraging the use of "comfort women"and how Koreans and others were pressed into sexual slavery by the Japanese Army. It looks at how, since the normalization of trade and diplomatic relations between Japan and other countries, many have asked why Japan has never officially apologized for these actions. It shows how Japan's failure to acknowledge its role in the agony of these women and other victims of Japanese imperial aggression lends to a generally nationalist view of Japan's role in the war, which compounds existing racist and chauvinistic attitudes that continue to characterize Japanese culture today.

From the Paper
"It is estimated that there were over 200 thousand comfort women employed by the Japanese Military during World War 2. (Economist, 13 August, 1998) However, the history of Japan's experience with comfort women isn't complete, as the government continues to insist that sexual services were provided by private industry despite thousands of accounts to the contrary. According to Lisa Go of ASA-News, Japan's use of comfort women was an attempt to curtail the mass-rape of women in occupied territories, particularly China. As Japan dramatically increased its 700,000-strong military presence in China in 1941, the rape of women in newly conquered territories served to cauterize enemy combatants against the Japanese."

Tags:korea, imperial, government, teishintai

Abstract
This paper explores the idea that Ernest Hemingway may have been chauvinistic, through an examination of his novels. The author, however, argues that although Hemingway's main characters were always male and he portrayed his females as background characters, Hemingway was not a misogynist; rather, an author only capable of speaking in a male voice.

From the Paper
"To give Hemingway his due he was a product of his times. No matter how critical the reader gets the fact is that Hemingway's women had more character than many others portrayed during his time. The woman may adhere to the traditional scenarios and Hemingway may have focused on the male protagonist more in comparison but truth be told that was his prerogative. It is not necessary for him to be a woman hater just because he writes a story about a man. The scholar's, men and women alike have agreed that women have their place in the Hemingway novels. The men are not complete without the woman and just by portraying this facet Hemingway redeems himself."

Tags:ernest, feminism, character, female, male, patriarchal, brett, jack, catharine, sun, also, rises, hero, bell, tolls, farewell, arms, garden, eden

Abstract
This paper is an in-depth examination of the role that La Malinche played in Mexican history and culture. The author gives the reader an historical overview, including the fact that she was an actual person, whose actions caused her to lose favor in society. This is done through the review and analysis of two pieces of works by historians, one male and one female, Casillo and Paz. The author also points out that La Malinche is not a well-known personality outside of Mexican culture, but her history dates back to the mid-sixteenth century. According to the paper, La Malinche's role in history has been revived by feminists who feel that her tainted past is the result of the chauvinistic nature of Mexican society which has begun to evolve over the years. For many Mexican women she is a symbol of independence and endurance of the Mexican people, and she should be accorded respect and proper recognition in history.

From the Paper
"These many complications and elaborations of this essential and essentializing dichotomy about the true nature of woman can be seen to come together in the character of La Malinche, a figure not well known outside of Mexico (except to those whose families originally came from Mexico). This paper explores the figure of La Malinche, a figure who representations have over the years become at least in general more positive as Mexicans have regained a sense of themselves as a people worthy of self-respect - and as Mexican women have refused to see themselves as meriting only the role of a traitor condemned to silence."

Tags:aztec, mexican, women, history, culture, spanish, traitor, intellectual, historians, feminist, heritage, mixed, struggle, connection, society, non-negro, heroine

Abstract
It has always been thought that women find less interest in technical areas and in science, and it is therefore assumed that this is the reason why we tend to find few women in top positions in such companies. This paper dispels this myth. It shows that women have better qualities than men to run IT companies and that the problem seems to be an inability to change the industry's chauvinistic mentality. The paper examines how some women managed to break the glass ceiling, despite the many obstacles.

From the Paper
"One of the most important things that encourages glass ceilings is, of course, prejudice. In general, organizations have a male preponderance and, as such, they tend to have a certain prejudice about female managers. However, this prejudice does not necessarily have something to do with the training or abilities, but with a woman's managerial capabilities. As someone said, "the problem is sometimes not that an organization lacks a pool of really talented women but one of visualizing them as leaders. Sometimes people think of leaders as being in a suit" Some women tend to encourage this perception by being shy and by refusing to take charge of the matters."

Tags:discrimination, prejudice