Abstract
Human rights involve religion in that victimized groups have often been identifying by their religion as in India's Christian minority that has been many times attacked in the last 20s years, a scapegoat of Hindu chauvinists. Paper explains Hindu nationalism politics, dangerous ideology, people instructed to see Christians as an enemy of the state they are not; various references; summary of 2007 incidents in which 1,000 Indian Christians died.

From the Paper
India's Christians - Human Rights Violations & Religion. Introduction Democratic countries stress freedoms that include those to do with conscience, faith and religious expression as fundamental rights. However, protecting the rights of religious minorities can be problematic. In the Republic of India, a Westminster-derived constitution much like that of New Zealand or Canada guarantees religious freedom that in India is particularly important given special cultural regard for religion and with several religions long established. Unfortunately, the last twenty years have seen the rise of anti-Christian sentiment with significant violence

Tags:india xns, persecution of, hindutva

Abstract
This paper analyzes John Updike's short story "A & P", focusing on the main character - Sammy. The writer describes the protagonist's personality traits and characteristics in detail. The writer further describes how Updike portrays Sammy as a male chauvinist. The writer points out that Sammy is not the only chauvinist. The writer concludes that all chauvinists do see the light from different points of view, but only with Sammy does it seem to stick.

From the Paper
"In John Updike's A&P, a close view into the mind of a fictional teenager named Sammy is given. As any nineteen year old, Sammy a grocery store cashier in a small country New England Town, seems like any other nineteen year old, critical, immature, observant, and a prompt thinker. As a very complex character, each and every one of Sammy's qualities show his opposing personalities, that are in reality, a heavy response to his regulated surroundings. Sammy is not the only chauvinist in this story. Some may view Sammy's thorough and detailed analysis of people's appearances and actions as the usual teen sarcasm, while others may view it as sexism. Sammy's attention is captured by women, more specifically when "In walks three girls wearing nothing but bathing suits" (Updike) at the grocery store Sammy is working at on a hot summer day. Sammy feels it necessary to observe the girls with much interest and many remarks."

Tags:chauvinism, sexism, undesirable, features, status

Abstract
This paper examines how there are two dominant themes as well as a subliminal theme present in "The Good Woman of Setzuan" and "Pygmalion". More specifically, the paper explains that the first dominant theme is evident in that both Brecht and Shaw question the levels of morality in social rankings by proving their low class lead female to be the most honorable character portrayed. The paper then shows how both authors also portray women that have the ability to rise above their lowly upbringing and lifestyle, which defies popular male chauvinist views, but yields a self-identity problem. The paper also discusses how both plays have an underlying theme of man's dominance over women by showing that despite Shen Te and Liza's recent social and personal advancements, their success can only be credited to a man in their lives.

From the Paper
"Likewise, in The Good Woman of Setzuan, we see how Brecht portrays Shen Te, who comes from the most despicable of the low class, the prostitutes, as a woman of good moral character. She allows the gods to stay with her and kicks out her "appointment", despite her needing money for the rent due the next day (Brecht, 8). Once she has been blessed by the gods, Shen Te allows numerous guests to live in her newly acquired tobacco shop when they have nowhere else to stay (Brecht, 13). Shen Te also shows great compassion on Yang Sun when he is on the brink of suicide, and even gives him money so that he may return to pilot school (Brecht, 35 & 53). Shen Te contradicts her neighboring tenant, the barber, who is known as being extremely wealthy, "The barber is filthy rich (Brecht, 46)." "

Tags:Shen, Te, Liza, male, dominance, class, morality

Abstract
The paper relates that since the late 1980s, various cases of Sati have been reported in India as praised by the rightwing Hindu chauvinist Hindutva movement that is rejected by Indian feminists for its ideas on women. The paper provides an account of Sati as indicative of other customs according low status or harm to women. The paper addresses what expatriate Indians can do and the need to discuss Sati, female infanticide, or feticide as they tend to be ignored.

From the Paper
"Westerners can be fascinated by the sati commonly described as `widow-burning' in Hindu society and that cases still do occur. The topic is one to underscore the egalitarian challenges faced in South Asia given that women continue to have a very different status and value. Indian feminists declare that the institution of sati shows social attitudes towards women, at large. In traditional society, sati was a special state entered into, a kind of grace attained by a widow by her immolation on her husband's funeral pyre."

Tags:hindutva, revivalism, sati

Abstract
This paper explores what can be considered as an important sub-text within "Genesis", in what is revealed of the personality of Sarah and her spiritual development within, or perhaps in spite of, an environment that can easily be described as overwhelmingly sexist, patriarchal and occasionally chauvinist. It looks at how we can observe too some decorum, nonetheless, with regard to the treatment of women that were considered honorable, and how Sarah definitely retains her hard-earned prestige as the story of the origins of the people of Israel is brought to its conclusion.

Abstract
This paper examines Searle's original argument against the possibility of strong Artificial Intelligence, or what he calls intrinsically intelligent AI. This argument was presented in "Minds, Brains, and Programs" which contains his original formulation of the Chinese Room example and many others. This paper explains Searle's original view (which has been slightly modified in recent years) against the possibility of strong AI. It then examines the serious shortcomings in his argument, namely his flagrant assumption that intelligence is a bio-chemical property, something that he barely mentions in his text. Holfstadter later called this view "bio-chauvinist." The writer examines what it is Searle is trying to say, where his bio-chauvinism comes into play, and what the end result is.

From the Paper
"In his paper "Minds, Brains, and Programs," John R. Searle attempts to establish the impossibility of strong artificial intelligence (AI), that an "appropriately programmed computer" can have genuine mental states. The validity of strong AI implies a direct correspondence between mental states and formal processes, and as such, insists that a properly defined program is sufficient for producing understanding and intentionality in the thing instantiating that program. Searle refutes this claim, arguing that a program could not be sufficient for producing intentionality because for any program it is possible to instantiate it in something without producing mental states in the thing. In elucidating this central point, Searle derives a distinction between "intrinsic" intentionality and "derived" intentionality. He defines intrinsic intentionality as the sort present in things that clearly have mental states, such as people. Searle distinguishes this from derived intentionality, which he claims is ascribed by those with intrinsic intentionality to things that "perform the sort of functions that we perform on the basis of our intentionality," but that do not actually possess mental states or a genuine intentionality. With this distinction, Searle's claim that programs are not sufficient, or even necessary, for producing intentionality becomes a claim that mere things - namely computers for our purposes - can only have derived intentionality and never can possess intrinsic intentionality. Searle's argument, pushed by his example of the Chinese room, at first seems to raise an alarming challenge to AI proponents, but on closer examination it becomes clear that the thrust of Searle's claim relies on some highly debatable intuitions and assumptions he makes a priori. In this paper I will argue that Searle's conclusion is entirely dependent these contestable assumptions and intuitions. I will then attempt to construct what Searle's response to this objection would likely be, and I will conclude by discussing the significance of this debate with regards to AI and all of cognitive science."

Tags:ai, artificial, bio, chauvinism, chinese, fodor, intelligence, intelligent, intrinsically, room, searle

Abstract
In the play, Shaw set out to challenge the satisfaction of his audience and weaken some of their most deep-rooted notions. He draws public attention to the truth that prostitution is caused, not by female depravation, but simply by underpaying, undervaluing, and overworking women, in a capitalist and chauvinist society. These controversies develop through the different characters particularly, and the theme is analyzed in the relation between Vivie and her mother.

From the Paper
"Mrs Warren's Profession, written by Bernard Shaw in the early nineteen hundreds, deals with a series of moral issues, which are of important relevance even now. Throughout the play, Bernard Shaw, proves to be an incisive and irreverent social citric, therefore being the antithesis of the romantic dramatist which characterized Victorian society. Shaw, uses the play to put forward his ideas and criticize social and moral issues existent at the beginning of the 20th century in British society, issues which ironically are still applicable in our supposedly developed world."

Tags:Mrs, profession, relationship, Warren, Shaw, social, play, prostitution, female

Abstract
This paper reviews the film "What Women Want" and in particular looks at why society imparts so many gender roles on men and women. It examines how the film is not a film about an attractive throwback to the Stone Age, but how it certainly portrays what a large group of men still believe about women, even today when there is supposed to be more "equality" between the sexes. It evaluates how Mel Gibson's over the top caricature of the hopelessly chauvinistic male at the beginning of the film is not actually as far-fetched as it might seem, which makes it all the more appalling. Today, many men still see women only as sex objects and even the most liberated man still believes he should head up the household and bring home the major portion of the bacon.

From the Paper
"Society looks at men and women differently, despite the advances women have made in women's rights. Women as leaders are viewed differently than men as leaders; it is that simple. In "What Women Want," Helen Hunt is viewed with skepticism, especially by Mel Gibson, when she first takes over the leadership role in the agency. The old adage "she slept her way to the top" is often the only way men can justify a woman's rise to prominence in business or government. Men simply do not want to admit that a mere woman might be more talented or qualified than they are, and so must make up personal reasons for professional results. This is not that unusual either, and the statistics of women who serve at the head of major corporations bears this out. There are far fewer women in positions of importance in large companies than men, the percentage is somewhere in the teens, rather than the sixties or even seventies."

Tags:men, society, chauvinist, equality

Abstract
This paper is an in-depth examination of the role that La Malinche played in Mexican history and culture. The author gives the reader an historical overview, including the fact that she was an actual person, whose actions caused her to lose favor in society. This is done through the review and analysis of two pieces of works by historians, one male and one female, Casillo and Paz. The author also points out that La Malinche is not a well-known personality outside of Mexican culture, but her history dates back to the mid-sixteenth century. According to the paper, La Malinche's role in history has been revived by feminists who feel that her tainted past is the result of the chauvinistic nature of Mexican society which has begun to evolve over the years. For many Mexican women she is a symbol of independence and endurance of the Mexican people, and she should be accorded respect and proper recognition in history.

From the Paper
"These many complications and elaborations of this essential and essentializing dichotomy about the true nature of woman can be seen to come together in the character of La Malinche, a figure not well known outside of Mexico (except to those whose families originally came from Mexico). This paper explores the figure of La Malinche, a figure who representations have over the years become at least in general more positive as Mexicans have regained a sense of themselves as a people worthy of self-respect - and as Mexican women have refused to see themselves as meriting only the role of a traitor condemned to silence."

Tags:aztec, mexican, women, history, culture, spanish, traitor, intellectual, historians, feminist, heritage, mixed, struggle, connection, society, non-negro, heroine

Abstract
This paper explores the idea that Ernest Hemingway may have been chauvinistic, through an examination of his novels. The author, however, argues that although Hemingway's main characters were always male and he portrayed his females as background characters, Hemingway was not a misogynist; rather, an author only capable of speaking in a male voice.

From the Paper
"To give Hemingway his due he was a product of his times. No matter how critical the reader gets the fact is that Hemingway's women had more character than many others portrayed during his time. The woman may adhere to the traditional scenarios and Hemingway may have focused on the male protagonist more in comparison but truth be told that was his prerogative. It is not necessary for him to be a woman hater just because he writes a story about a man. The scholar's, men and women alike have agreed that women have their place in the Hemingway novels. The men are not complete without the woman and just by portraying this facet Hemingway redeems himself."

Tags:ernest, feminism, character, female, male, patriarchal, brett, jack, catharine, sun, also, rises, hero, bell, tolls, farewell, arms, garden, eden