Abstract
In this article, the writer describes the rule of Charlemagne, his consolidation of an empire in Western Europe, and his association with the arts, law and the Church.

From the Paper
"Charlemagne was one of the greatest leaders of the Middle Ages. He presided over the transition from a classical civilization to a medieval civilization and helped introduce what would become a European civilization during his year rule. Charlemagne was a great warrior and an efficient administrator who was known for his patronage of the arts the Church and education. The Reign of Charlemagne Charlemagne was one of the most powerful and influential figures of the Middle Ages. Born around ..."

Tags:Charlemagne, the arts, the Middle Ages

Abstract
This paper discusses the life of Charlemagne. The paper contends that Charlemagne is not only important because of his scores of military victories or the vast empire he recreated, but because he combined the inherited with the inventive. The paper explains that Charlemagne was a Germanic warrior in the traditional sense, spending most of his life in battle and to many he was a ruthless avenger. The paper states that to the Catholic church, Charlemagne was the great protector and the emperor who "baptized with a sword".

From the Paper
"After the Aquitanian war, Charlemagne was called to face the Lombards of Italy, to have the pope's estates returned. He offered to pay for the return of the pope's estates, but King Desiderius would not relent the property. Charlemagne exiled the king of the Lombards and his son, Adalgis, from Italy and gave the conquered land to Hadrian.
The Saxons were battled numerous times, since they would relent, offering their loyalty to Charlemagne, but never kept their oath. At the end of the war with the Saxons, Charlemagne took thousands of Saxons from their homes and placed them in Gaul and Germany. Charlemagne forced the Saxons to convert to Christianity and destroyed their heathen temples and to become a Frank, so that the Saxon culture ultimately vanished. This battle and its outcome became one of the ways, Charlemagne fused the Germanic, Roman and Catholic cultures."

Tags:aquitanian, lombards, saxons

Abstract
This paper examines the new era of Western Civilization brought on by Charlemagne and Augustus in the Roman and Germanic societies respectively. The paper then argues that their similarities led to an integration of the cultures during Charlemagne's rule.

From the Paper
"After conquering the Saxons, he forced them to submit to his rule and convert to Christianity, integrating Germanics and Christianity. "They (the Saxons) were sometimes so much weakened and reduced that they promised to denounce the worship of devils and to adopt Christianity." These policies of merging ideals mirrored those of the Romans and planted the roots for a medieval society that would ensue after Charlemagne's death. Augustus differed from Charlemagne and the Roman Imperialists on these policies, he was a peaceful ruler."

Tags:constructive, pax romana, literature expansionism integration

Abstract
This paper examines how during his reign, the medieval emperor Charlemagne came to dominate Europe and create an empire of a scale not seen since classical times. It looks at how he created a renaissance of learning, the arts and culture in Europe. It analyzes how the empire was achieved through a number of important military victories and how after the death of Charlemagne it became quickly divided and fragmented. It puts forward the argument that his educational and cultural achievements were greater and more durable than his military and political achievements even though his educational and cultural achievements were often fundamentally dependent on or instrumental in his military and political coups.

From the Paper
"Charlemagne instilled a great deal of importance in historical texts. He realized the importance of annals and other historical texts in creating a sense of history and of collective national identity. It was very important to build up texts of the history of the Carolingians as part of the empire's pursuit of legitimacy. An example of an historical text which had a clear political impact and related strongly to Charlemagne's military achievements was Paul the Deacon's "Hisotira Langobardorum". This was a history of Lombardy. According to Mckitterick this history was "an active contribution to the shaping of Frankish and Lombard relations." This work actively portrayed the Carolingians as natural heirs to Lombardy."

Tags:arts, christendom, conquest, emperor, king, medieval

Abstract
This paper examines how the Carolingian Empire, which united most of Western Europe under one ruler in the late eighth century AD, was based on the domination of the Franks, including some of the greatest European kings who ever ruled. It focuses on the rule of Charlemagne and how his reign is considered the apogee of the empire for several reasons. It looks at how he conquered much of Europe, promoted the spread of Christianity and generally improved his people's way of life.

From the Paper
"Like Clovis I, Charlemagne was a devout Christian and a firm believer in education and therefore was a great supporter of both the clergy and faculty. "Charlemagne practised the Christian religion with great devotion and piety, for he had been brought up in this faith since earliest childhood" (Einhard, 104). He built a great Cathedral, called Holy Mother of God in Aachen and donated a great deal of money and relics to monasteries, churches and other religious institutions. He often personally chose which person would be appointed to a given position within the church, based on how wise and virtuous the candidates were. Not only did he further and improve religion in his own realm, by conquering other territories he spread Christianity's influence."

Tags:church, charles, christianity

Abstract
The accession of Charlemagne signalled the commencement of a "new epoch" in Western European military activity. Offensive campaigns were undertaken, larger and more ambitious than anything seen under Pepin and Charles Martel that re-established the Carolingian hold on the military and political organization of Western Europe. This paper assesses the preparation of military campaigns in regard to the recruiting, mobilization, equipping and feeding of vast numbers of men and examines how [and with what success] the issues of geography and availability were dealt with. It uses the capitularies as evidence, looks at the role of 'missi' and addresses the argument of feudalism in the medieval state.

From the Paper
"Military organization in the 8th and 9th centuries incorporated a number of different logistical and strategic problems each with the potential to disrupt even the most carefully laid plans. Preparation of military campaigns concerned the recruiting, mobilization, equipping and feeding of a vast number of men which in turn was dictated by geography, availability and of course, the nature of the opposed forces. To this effect it is important to understand what exactly is meant by military organization. For the sake of this argument, military organization in Carolingian Europe was the planning, activating and carrying-out of predominantly offensive strategies with the objective of gaining or consolidating Frankish territory."

Tags:barcelona, franks, frisians, gascons, lombards, marches, marte, merovingian, missi, feudalism

Abstract
The paper provides a brief biography of Charlemagne and notes the improvements made during his reign to the quality of life in the Middle Ages in Europe. He improved education, helped unify Europe through military conquests and improved architecture.

From the Paper
"During the long period from the fall of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance almost a thousand years later, referred to as the Dark Ages, Charlemagne is the only bright spot in European history; his is the only commanding presence. During most of this period, barbarians ranged around Europe, Christians made almost no progress against paganism and Western reading and writing were almost extinguished. This grim period, however, was illuminated briefly by Charlemagne and his reign."

Tags:ages, carolingian, dark, medieval, middle, renaissance, buildings, travel, war

Abstract
This paper discusses the similarities between the reign of Charlemagne and the Roman Empire.

Abstract
Charlemagne was one of the greatest emperors that Europe has ever seen and this paper details how he came to power, what it took to stay in power, and how he lost his power. Included is his involvement with the Church and the first Crusades to spread Catholicism.

From the Paper
"During the reign of Charlemagne, from 768 to 814 A.D., the growth of the Church in the west gained increasing power over its eastern counterparts. Charlemagne, the son of Pepin the Short, was indoctrinated with the Christian religion early in his life, and as a result he grew to become the leading proponent of Christian belief throughout the west. He continued the role of papal protector in Italy and his father's policy of territorial conquest in the north. After defeating King Desiderius and the Lombards in 774 he crowned himself "King of the Lombards." He began to increase the size of his kingdom by forcibly converting "pagans" into Christianity. His most difficult conquest was converting the Saxons into loyal Christian citizens. Thus, after thirty-three years of war the Saxons accepted Charlemagne's terms and renounced their religion and customs and adopted those of Christianity, while those that refused were relocated throughout Gaul and Germany. In 800 A.D. on Christmas day Pope Leo III, who was imprisoned by the Roman aristocracy a year earlier but escaped to the protection of Charlemagne who then restored him as pope, crowned Charlemagne emperor."

Tags:ages, catholicism, church, christianity, crusades, emperor, europe, frank, holy, middle, pope, roman

From the Paper
"This study will compare three books on Charlemagne, Two Lives of Charlemagne, by Einhard, and Notker the Stammerer, and The Song of Roland, whose author we do not know. The study will focus not on the life of Charlemagne himself, but on the relative merits of the books themselves from a historical perspective, and the intentions of the authors. In general, both books share the same purpose, namely, to advance the cause of Christian heroism in battle. The books were both written in the Middle Ages at a turbulent time when the futures of both Europe and Christianity were being formed. Would Christianity triumph over paganism (paganism being any non-Christian religion or way of life)? Would chaos result if the great political/royal forces represented by the armies of Charlemagne and Roland failed in battle? The authors of the two books tackle these potent issues..."