Abstract This paper explores extensively the controversial George W. Bush's public policy called the "Faith-Based Initiative", which seeks to support the work of faith-based organizations (FBOs) including allowing FBOs to compete on an equal footing with other social service providers in the receipt of federal grants. The author points out the ways Bush's faith-based initiatives have created public debate and clamoring criticism because of his public policy to end what he describes as "discrimination" against religion. The paper underscores the problems created by the widely varying interpretations of how exactly this new church and state partnership fits into the constitutional scheme. The paper analyzes several legal cases regarding this issue to support its discussion.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Charitable Choice and the Faith-Based Initiative
Defining Charitable Choice
Defining the Faith-Based Initiative
Charitable Choice's Danger to Beneficiaries and FBOs
Major Legal Issues Associated with the Faith-Based Initiative
The New Paradigm of Church and State Collaboration
Establishment Clause Issues
Employment Discrimination
Conclusion
From the Paper "Bush's proposal, however, differs significantly from the 1996 charitable choice laws and his plan's increased potential for entanglement has garnered concern and criticism from both secularist and religious organizations, albeit for different reasons. While secularists see a violation of the Establishment Clause as the most troubling result of entanglement, the religious communities fear loss of autonomy and government scrutiny. In fact, the President's own denomination, the United Methodist Church, has opposed his policy."
Tags: discrimination, government money, entanglement, charitable choice, hiring
This paper addresses Robinson Crusoe's sense of justice as well as his charitable behavior, both of which are notably lacking in the first part of the novel.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 2 sources, 2002, $ 26.95
Abstract This paper addresses Robinson Crusoe's sense of justice as well as his charitable behavior, both of which are notably lacking in the first part of the novel. As Crusoe gains more experience with people, he realizes how kind humanity has been to him, although he still retains the belief in authoritarian rule that, in his youth, he resented.
Tags: LITERATURE / ENGLISH LITERATURE, robinson crusoe morality
Abstract Today, in the United States, especially, the concept of success in a career is increasingly being related to a sense of meaningfulness and satisfaction rather than simply financial growth. Today's worker, therefore, demands an increased sense of satisfaction as compared to yesteryear's desire for increased financial stability. Just as a feeling of satisfaction has begun to pervade careers in the corporate world, similarly, a sense of meaningfulness has been a hallmark of success in a social worker's career. This paper, therefore, determines what success is in the career of social work. This is followed by a detailed examination of the concurrent fiscal crisis in charitable spending and its effects on the concept of social work and vice versa.
From the Paper "The law also permits the faith-based service providers to use principles based on their religious tradition to foster responsibility and a strong work ethic. This is another concern for how religious beliefs are integrated in the delivery of social services and their influence over the same is not yet known. Issues that thus arise from this ask whether the practice of hiring, promoting, and firing staff will be on the basis of religious adherence or on professional merit. Consequently what would be the impact in both cases. Another concern stems from the eligibility of religions and denominations for funding, which may include some dangerous cults. Further, though the law protects participants from religious coercion, it is difficult to differentiate between coercion and persuasion. For example, a participant may feel forced to please his or her social worker by attending religious services, not because of pressure or an explicit request but the implicit assumption that he or she will receive better services if he or she does so."
Abstract This paper discusses the difference between for-profit and not-for-profit hospitals. The paper begins by reviewing the for-profit and not-for-profit classification. Next the paper discusses what makes a hospital a not-for-profit and the charitable implications associated with such an institution. The paper concludes by comparing and contrasting the care quality between for-profit and not-for-profit hospitals.
From the Paper "Not-for-Profit A not-for-profit hospital is so defined by its status with the United States Internal Revenue Service. Specifically, the not-for-profit classification means that an institution..."
Abstract This paper discusses Janet Poppendieck's ideas on emergency food and the end of entitlement. The author points out Poppendieck's argument that the existence of charitable food organizations has enabled the government and its policymakers to renege on their responsibilities to prevent hunger in the U.S.. The paper examines three hunger organizations.
From the Paper "In her work "Sweet Charity Emergency Food and the End of Entitlement", Janet Poppendieck argued that the existence of charitable food organizations has enabled the government and its policymakers to renege on their responsibilities to prevent hunger in America."
Abstract This paper provides a synopsis of the research article, 'Does Social Capital Make you Generous' by Arthur Brooks. The paper includes the definition of the business research and its purpose, the business problem(s) under investigation and identification of the parties involved in conducting the research. The paper also details the method(s) used to conduct the research project. The article examined focuses on the high rate of charitable behavior of Americans.
Outline:
Abstract
Business Research and Purpose
Business Problems under Investigation
Parties Involved in the Research
Methods Used to Conduct Research
Conclusion
From the Paper "Social capital is a measure of involvement in charitable and civic organizations, political involvement and racial and social trust in a community. Common forms of social capital include volunteering for political service work such as political campaigns or school board functions. Other forms of social capital include volunteering time to work with children or elderly individuals, and donating time to support causes to advance or support ones community. Social and racial trust is classified as a component of social capital as well. A community where individuals are accepting of cultural diversity and feel secure in their community is considered to have a strong level of social trust. Brooks's research sought to determine the correlation between social capital and generosity of Americans by asking, "Do all social capital types have a uniform impact on charitable behavior?" (Brooks, 2005 p.4)."
Tags: capital, stock, giving, charity, social, community, political
Abstract The paper explores whether successful corporations have a moral and ethical duty to make charitable contributions. The paper offers three reasons why honoring such obligations is both necessary and even beneficial for the company. The paper brings the argument that corporate social responsibility detracts from the wealth of companies and so shareholders are disadvantaged as a result. The paper explores the ongoing debate and is of the opinion that it is in the long-term interest of both companies, shareholders and stakeholders to honor corporate social responsibility.
From the Paper "In determining the moral duties and obligations of a successful business establishment, it is important to first define the concept of morality, both as it is understood in society and how it is understood in dictionary terms. Morals for example refer to standards of conduct in terms of society as a whole. These standards relate very much to the social concept of the good/bad dichotomy at any given moment in history. Hence, the concept of good, moral conduct today is the product of centuries of moral human evolution. In addition to social standards, good, moral conduct may also be driven by the demands of the individual's conscience and the individual sense of right or wrong. In short, moral principles are based upon the inner, psychological sense of obligation, right or wrong, and standard of conduct in terms of best benefiting both the individual and the social circle within which the individual lives."
Abstract This paper reviews and discusses the history and background of Cisco Systems. According to the paper, Cisco Systems is the world leader in the development, design, manufacturing and selling of home, small business and enterprise networking, telecommunications and online security. The paper reports that Cisco is considered to be one of the most ethically astute and well-run companies in the United States today, receiving many awards for their work on social responsibility initiatives and corporate citizenship.
Outline:
Executive Summary
Financial Reports and Analysis
Internship Opportunities
Social Responsibility and Corporate Citizenship
Cisco Charitable Giving Programs
From the Paper "In terms of hiring interns from local colleges and universities, Cisco is one of the few companies to actually post open positions in their open jobs database accessible by anyone on the Internet. Cisco Internship Positions (2006) shows twenty six positions open today, all of them paying jobs, where the interns receive a stipend, and if their performance on the job is strong enough, the chance to come back after they finish their degrees and work for Cisco full-time. Numerous senior managers and directors in the company have completed their internships and come back to work for years at Cisco, progressing through the ranks of the company. It is commonplace to find at least two or three Vice Presidents at Cisco who have had this career progression as well. The company seeks interns in San Jose, California, the Research Triangle area of North Carolina, and at smaller engineering locations throughout the world."
Tags:charitable, giving, global, corporate, citizenship, disadvantaged, assistance, support
Abstract This paper explains that Microsoft, the biggest software company in the world, has had a rough ride throughout the years; however, it has always relied on PR to help the firm get through everything; the company is well-known for seeking publicity. The author points out that Microsoft believes it should play a great role in helping the community by being charitable and helping charitable causes in every way; thereby, Microsoft gained a lot of publicity by promoting its fund-raising activities. The paper relates that damage control is another part of PR; when Microsoft faced anti-trust allegations, it initiated a major letter-writing campaign to save its image from being defaced, asking customers to write letters to protect its good name.
From the Paper "A company has to always be in the news and generate buzz around its products. The company has to make sure that it finds new and innovative methods to promote its products and make them a buzzword. There may be events in the company which can they may also have to use some damage control in order to show the company in a positive light. A company can get massive publicity if they promote a major event. This can get a lot of attention from the press and can boost the reputation of the company."
Tags: charity, promotions, control, buzzword, xbox
Abstract This paper responds to a quotation in an article about a charity tax credit and how this affects government policy as well as how it affects charitable contributions. The paper further discusses why tax credits should not be used to encourage charitable giving because this links private giving and government moneys in an effort to shift certain governmental responsibilities to the private sector.
From the Paper "Neil Brooks in his essay on charitable contributions and tax policy notes how a newspaper reporter was told about a college official who "was seen as a great fundraiser rather than a brilliant thinker . . . [who was able to turn] his political, business and social connections into big dollars for the university" (67). This reference is part of the author's discussion of why tax credits should not be used to encourage charitable giving because this links private giving and government moneys in an effort to shift certain governmental responsibilities to the private sector. "
Abstract This paper takes a look at the financial structure of charity organizations and at what extent these are effective in supporting intended objectives. The author argues that often charities spend donations not in connection to their stated mission, and in many cases the money goes not where it is most needed.
From the Paper "Americans are a very generous people, reaching into their pockets again and again to provide their personal and corporate dollars to support what they believe to be worthy causes ? they may not have the time to personally volunteer, but most are willing, at least occasionally, to write a check to support those that do.The U.S. has 1.4 million tax-exempt organizations. It's probably a safe bet that most are well-intentioned and honest. But a lot of them are simply "inefficient" ? they spend donations meant to help people in need on staff salaries or direct-mail marketing. Some do not even put donations to use toward their stated mission (Forbes, 1999)."
Abstract This paper explores the past, present, and future role of voluntarism in America, as well as answer the questions of who volunteers and why.
From the Paper "The subject of voluntarism in America has been a favorite of social scientists for almost as long as there has been an America. In the 1830's, following an extended visit to the newly formed country, Frenchman Alexis de Tocqueville remarked: Americans of all ages, all conditions, and all dispositions constantly form associations. They have not only commercial and manufacturing companies, in which all take part, but associations of a thousand other kinds, religious, moral, serious, futile, general or restricted, enormous or diminutive. The Americans make associations to give entertainments, to found seminaries, to build inns, to construct churches, to diffuse books, to send missionaries to the antipodes; in this manner they found hospitals, prisons, and schools. If it is proposed to inculcate some truth or to foster some feeling by the encouragement of a great example, they form a society. Wherever at the head of some great undertaking you see the government in France, or man of rank in England, in the United States you will be sure to find an association (Hawks, 4).
Echoing Tocqueville's sentiments, James Bryce of Britain said in 1890:
Associations are created, extended, and worked in the United States more… effectively than in any other country (Skocpol, Ganz, & Munson, 528).
"Even today, voluntarism in America continues to be a major topic of study for sociologists. The body of research literature covers a variety of broad topics. Some researchers have chosen to focus on the macro-level, creating comparative studies of voluntarism worldwide. Other studies attempt to assess the impact of voluntarism at the local and national levels, focusing on the impact of voluntarism on community, democracy, and economics. Some research focuses on defining and analyzing the volunteers themselves: what defines the "prototypical volunteer", which spiritual and socioeconomic factors influence them, which personality traits are common to volunteers, and how voluntary services impacts their lives. These are all topics of major importance as the voluntary organizations' role in the community evolves over time. Originally created to meet the social needs that the government was not organized to provide, volunteer organizations today occupy the supporting role to the government's administration of welfare. Like most things, however, the pendulum is swinging back again. As more and more Americans decry "Big Government", "Big Government" is responding with such platitudes as "a thousand points of light" to encourage Americans to get back into the business of caring for one another. A call to voluntarism sounds like a good thing on the surface, but it raises more questions than answers for sociologists. This report will attempt to explore the past, present, and future role of voluntarism in America, as well as answer the questions of who volunteers and why."
Tags: alexander, de, sociology, tocqueville, voluntarism, America, volunteer, sociologists, charitable
A discussion on whether a lower standard of care is expected of non-profit organizations as compared to commercial enterprises within the legal field of tort.
Abstract Throughout the history of law, numerous legal claims have been brought against non-profit organizations. The legal field of tort has also seen a significant amount of non-profit organizations drawn into lawsuits. Using cases from the Commonwealth jurisdictions (Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and UK), the paper shows that a lower standard of care should definitely be expected of non-profit organizations. It first lays out the arguments that reject a lower standard of care and then discards these arguments, stating that it is only practical and logical that a lower standard of care be expected.
From the Paper "After carrying out this research essay, it is my firm opinion that a higher standard of care should definitely be expected of commercial enterprises compared with not for profit organisations. It is just and fair that this is so, as shown by the arguments set out above. Not for profit organisations generally face higher costs compared to commercial enterprises and they serve a more benevolent purpose that puts the good of society above anything else. The standard of care for non-profit organisations should be a reasonable one. It should be lower than that expected of a commercial enterprise but it cannot be so low as to defeat the aim of justice."
From the Paper "Introduction
We?ve all seen their bright red buckets outside of malls and grocery stores, heard the ringing of their bells as they ask us to give to the poor and unfortunate during the Christmas season. But few of us have probably ever stopped to consider the history of the Salvation Army and how this originally English charitable group made its way to the United States. This paper examines the history of the organization, which is an international religious and charitable organization dedicated to the propagation of the Christian faith and to the furnishing of various forms of assistance to persons in need of spiritual solace and material aid, focussing on the development of the Salvation Army in the United States.
Originally founded as the Christian Mission, with the aim of carrying on evangelical .."
Tax consequences, changes in tax law & impact on contributions. Major legislation since 1969, substantiation, types of donations and return of property.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 12 sources, 1997, $ 71.95
From the Paper "Introduction
Charitable institutions in the United States evolved as immigrants tried to recreate social institutions similar to those with which they were familiar in their home countries. Typically Western European, schools, hospitals, libraries, churches and cemeteries were among the institutions which early Americans sought to rebuild without government intervention. Many museums were established or endowed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as memorials to individuals and families (it should be remembered that there was no income tax at that time and thus no income tax deduction for charitable contributions).
During the middle and late twentieth centuries, changes were made in the income tax code which effectively subsidized contributions to charitable organizations. These organizations included educational .."
