Abstract
The paper explains and compares two types of leadership: transformational and charismatic. The paper further discusses the history of transformational and charismatic leadership and explains the qualities and theories of each. In addition, the paper examines how these leadership types apply to sound management practices and then continues with a discussion of the writer's own theory of leadership.

Outline:
Sound Management Practice and Effective Leadership
Leadership and Ethical Culture
Theory of Leadership/Authority
Servant Leadership/Moral Reasoning Process

From the Paper
"Sound management practice often accompanies effective leadership. Understanding the differences that exist between sound practice and effective leadership helps a leader exercise authority in the workplace. Collins defines effective leadership as leadership that leads to "competency models" within the organization. Competency models are "comprehensive descriptions of the key behaviors leading to success" from individuals working in jobs within an organization and managers leading the organization. Effective leadership encourages employees to study, develop strategies and execute commands leading to greater efficiency and organization within the workforce."

Tags:transformational, charismatic, leadership, workforce

Abstract
This paper presents a review of the literature on the nature, the effectiveness, the limitations, and the ethical concerns of charismatic leadership. The paper defines the stages of charismatic leadership.

From the Paper
"Conger and Kanungo define organizational leadership as a behavioral process that can be observed and therefore learned ..."

Tags:charismatic, leadership

Abstract
In this article, the writer examines charismatic leadership and attempts to answer several questions about this type of leadership.

From the Paper
"In a discussion of charismatic leadership and bureaucratic control, Weber stated that charismatic leaders can move institutions organizations and even societies toward change sometimes drastic change. As noted by Giddens Duneier and Applebaum two examples of charismatic leaders who did indeed change both the face of existing societal structures are Winston Churchill and Adolf Hitler a fact that illustrates both the positive and negative side of charismatic leadership. The paper presented here examines charismatic leadership. Specifically the paper attempts to answer several ..."

Tags:charismatic, leadership

Abstract
This paper discusses why charismatic leaders have stronger effects on followers' attitudes and emotions than on follower and group performance. The paper also discusses the characteristics and methods of a charismatic leader. Examples of charismatic leaders from the past and what they managed to achieve are also provided.

From the Paper
"The symbolism that charismatic leaders can present to their followers is a strong potion albeit sometimes it is a "bitter pill" that causes the demise of the followers. A perfect example is that of Jim Jones, whose followers belonging to the People's Temple committed murder-suicide in November 1978 in Jonestown, Guyana. Another case in point of the effects of a charismatic leader on the followers' emotions and attitudes is that of Adolph Hitler. Jim Jones was followed to "death" by over 900 of his people, Adolph Hitler had a whole nation who obeyed him and committed atrocities that are now part of the annals of history as one of the worst mankind ever committed. Both these charismatic leaders used symbolism - one the symbolism of a new life after death and another, the symbolism of a greater Germany - these paved the way for their followers to obey their wills without question."

Tags:follower, charm, influence

Abstract
The paper explains the four characteristics that lead to the perception of charismatic leadership; a crisis situation, potential followers in distress, an aspiring leader and a doctrine promising deliverance. The paper discusses several crises related to the Cold War, mainly the Cuban invasion, and shows how the view of President Kennedy's leadership and personality as charismatic is a direct result of these four characteristics.

From the Paper
"The United States was in a state of controlled turmoil. Unknown dangers were threatened from enemies abroad, while moral concerns further eroded confidence at home. The nation was emerging from a decade of paranoia and fear stirred up by certain high-ranking members of the federal government. In this election year, a Democratic Senator would become one of the youngest men ever elected to the office of President of the United States of America in a historically barrier-breaking election. No, the year is not 2008, and the President is not Barack Obama. Instead, turning the calendars back to 1960 brings us the year that John Fitzgerald Kennedy was elected the thirty-fifth President of the United States of America, the youngest man ever elected to the office, as well as being the only Roman Catholic to ever hold the highest position in the nation."

Tags:crisis, followers, distress, doctrine, deliverance

Abstract
This paper begins with an articulation of origins and developments of transformational leadership theory and while supporting the assertion that charisma is an important component of transformational leadership behaviour argues that it is not in itself a defining feature. The cascading effect of transformational leadership is explored in relation to contemporary research both within the U.S. and U.K. and is utilised to articulate the relationship between transactional and transformational behaviours within health care settings which constitute an optimum change profile. The nature of vision and charisma within the health care setting are critically evaluated along with the relationship between transformational leadership and key outcomes such as felt autonomy, job satisfaction, low staff turnover, service quality and the achievement of organisational (cultural) change.

Outline
Abstract
Transformational Leadership
Explanation of Transformational Leadership Behaviours
A Full Range Model of Transformational Leadership
Criticisms of Transformational Leadership Theory
Charismatic Leadership
Personal Identification
Social Identification
Internalisation
Self-Efficacy
Facilitating Conditions
Criticisms of Charismatic Leadership Theory
Summary

From the Paper
"Bass (1985, 1998) provides a more expanded and refined theory of transformational leadership which develops the work of Burns (1978) and House (1977), by giving far more attention to the behaviour and needs of followers than had previously been given. Bass (1985, 1998) argued that the principles of transformational leadership could be equally applied to situations where the outcomes were not positive than those where the opposite was true and describing transactional and transformational leadership as a singe continuum rather than mutually independent continua. Bass (1985, 1998) identifies the main characteristics of transformational leadership as; charisma idealised influence, intellectual stimulation and consideration of the emotional needs of each follower, (Hunt, 1996)."

Tags:innovation, integration, autonomy

Abstract
The paper explains that both Weber and Biggart have discussed the commercial market by studying the roles, relationships, and structure of economic organizations. The paper points out that Direct Selling Organizations or DSO, as Biggart sees them, is an evolution of the entrepreneurial process, which combines the structural elements of the hierarchy with American ethics based on the need to incorporate social relationships within the context of the organization. The paper states that the method by which goals are accomplished differ from a bureaucratic organization in that independent distributors work under guidelines set up by a charismatic leader.

From the Paper
"The DSO relies on the on independent distributors to recruit new distributors who then choose the degree of participation they wish to contribute. This incorporates a sense (what Biggart calls an "ideology") of entrepreneurship that promotes profit through personal investment in the mission of the organization. To use Weber's metaphor, members happily enter and exit a cage fortified by charisma. They do so by choice because it is profitable and, more so, because the organization reflects and promotes values in which they are invested. It's not an organization as much as it is a way of life. The rules, policies and standards of the bureaucracy are replaced by "individualism, meritocracy, patriotism, religion, (and) community" (p. 10)."

Tags:cage, control, ethics, leader, entrepreneurship

Abstract
This research examines the common traits of cult leaders and other leaders whose influence can be defined as cult-like. How do these people use their attributes to influence their followers? After examining existing reseach documents, the researcher hypothesizes that most cult leaders have in common the traits of intelligence, confidence, and the ability to speak and present themselves so that their views appear correct to people who are in a state of flux in their lives. The researcher also hypothesizes that the people who follow these leaders are those who are not only in the midst of life changes, but are also seeking an alternative world view to help them cope.

From the Paper
"Marshall Applewhite and Bonnie Nettles of the Heaven's Gate cult are more modern examples of just how powerful traits of intelligence and confidence can be. Applewhite, being an educated man and at one point a college professor, and Nettles, a nurse, both had shown through their past as being intelligent. Once they had formed Heaven's Gate, however, the confidence in their beliefs and their sheer reasoning skills, however skewed a non-believer would see it now, managed to draw in a sizable group of followers, many of whom followed the beliefs so completely that they eventually committed a mass suicide in 1997. Both Applewhite and Nettles were charismatic figures, possessing not only intelligence and confidence, but an intensity that captured the loyalty of so many."

Tags:Sociology, Religion, Cults, Charisma

Abstract
This paper discusses the leadership of Martin Luther King, Jr., examining his belief in freedom and his committment to fighting the oppression of his people. His belief in the spirit of freedom affected the way he gave many of his speeches and the way he lived his life. According to the paper, King was willing to give everything in his fight for freedom. King was an inspirational speaker who first began inspiring people when he became a minister. The paper concludes by stating that King's charismatic personality grabbed the attention of his audience and motivated them in making changes.

From the Paper
"This paper discusses the leadership of Martin Luther King, Jr. The paper begins by talking about his belief in freedom of oppression for his people. His spirit of freedom belief affected the way he gave many of his speeches and the way he lived his life. King was willing to give everything in his fight for freedom. King was an inspirational speaker who first began inspiring people when he became a minister. His charismatic personality grabbed the attention of his audience and motivated them in making changes. The Charismatic Leadership of Martin Luther King..."

Tags:charismatic, leadership, inspiration

Abstract
This paper examines how charismatic leadership is often characterized by a number of factors, including a strong vision, respect by subordinates and a true commitment towards the overall well being of an organization and its employees. It looks at how charisma allows a leader to convey his or her thoughts so that others will truly listen and act accordingly. It shows how charismatic leadership is often considered to be magnetic and almost Godlike in nature in some organizations and can even be considered a dangerous attribute if the leader does not possess good intentions. It looks at the role of charisma in leadership development and provides some influential examples that demonstrate the importance of charisma in leadership activities.

Outline
What is Charisma?
How is Charisma Perceived?
The Importance of Charisma in Leadership Transformations
Other Qualities of Charismatic Leaders
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Max Weber introduced the concept of charisma as a process by which radical change is implemented and legitimized in societies and organizations (Jacobson and House 2). Weber's theory includes the following ideas as demonstrated by Riesebrodt (10-11): "When personal charisma predominates, the fact that charisma can be gained and lost proves that from the followers' point of view it is kind of a magical power which is essentially distinct from the person charisma is the specific quality of the relationship between leader and followers that defines and constitutes charisma in modern politics, charisma becomes democratized and is transformed into ascribed charisma." This last theory indicates that charisma is primarily developed and conveyed in persons who hold positions as democratic leaders. Furthermore, charisma can be defined in terms of crisis or other situations in which the need for a convincing leader is absolutely essential to maintain stability."

Tags:management, max, weber, cults, organizations