This paper discusses the benefits of the Congestion Charge in London to reduce traffic congestion and its acceptance by the population and the government.
Abstract This paper explains that a new scheme has been introduced in London to manage the traffic congestion under which motorists are obliged to pay ?5 everyday to enter central London. The author points out that the strength of this system lies in the fact that it helps reduce traffic, allowing journeys and delivery times to be more reliable, and simultaneously raises money in fees that can be reinvested in London's transport system. The paper concludes that, today, 100,000 people pay every day; the enforcement is working, and dissatisfaction with public transit is decreasing with more people riding the buses than just those displaced by pricing scheme.
Table of Contents
Introduction to the Congestion Charge Why Was the Congestion Charge Introduced?
Benefits of the Congestion Charge to the Public
How does the Congestion Charge Work?
Primary Activities
Who Has to Pay Congestion Charge?
Congestion Charge Encouraging New Modes of Transport
Support Activities
Success of the System
Strengths of the Scheme
Weaknesses of the Scheme
Opportunities in the Scheme
Threats Presented in the Scheme
Conclusion
From the Paper "The scheme was introduced during the weeklong mid-term school holidays, during which the traffic was reduced by about 20 percent. The scheme started at 7am as a move to control the heavy traffic in London. However, the London Mayor Ken Livingstone, felt that the scheme is more of an political gamble then a program with a goal to reduce congestion in the British capital, where the average speed of the is sometimes less than 10 mph during the peak hours of the day."
Abstract This paper explores the meanings of the word, "charge" in the contexts of hymn "A charge to keep I have." By considering the history of the composition of the hymn and various definitions of the word itself, "charge" comes to signify the act of faith and praising that faith at the same time. A "charge" assumes both an act of caring and the assumption of a responsibility, a burden. This paper considers how understanding the meanings of the word provide depth to the meaning of the hymn.
This paper reviews "Right from the Start: Taking Charge in a New Leadership Role" by Dan Ciampa and Michael Watkins and applies it to the author's own work style.
1,620 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 0 sources, 2005, $ 52.95
Abstract This paper explains that Dan Ciampa and Michael Watkins in "Right from the Start: Taking Charge in a New Leadership Role" introduce seven fundamental propositions for meeting the challenge of a new leadership position such as (1) a new leader has two to three years to make a noticeable difference in company culture and (2) new leaders need to be able to balance focus and flexibility. The author points out that the writers discuss the importance of visioning, imagining what one wants the successful company to look like in five or ten years, and then using these visions to create a political base and to start influencing cultural change. The paper relates that the book talks about managing oneself by having an awareness of one's personal style, realizing its strengths and weaknesses and receiving advice and counsel from others.
From the Paper "When change is coming, there are usually three types of workers. Those who support the change, those who oppose the change, and those who are neutral and could go either way. Ciampa and Watkins suggest actively pursuing the people who support change and are neutral. The ones who are completely opposed will either have to be won over (unlikely), coerced, or removed from their position. This discussion of coalition building reminds me of something I've done wrong on several jobs. Wanting everyone to be in agreement, I would actively pursue the factions that did not want change and ignore the people who were on my side or who might have been on my side with a little persuasion. I did exactly the opposite of good coalition building!"
A discussion on the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, on the basis of which the United States Department of Justice, along with twenty state attorney generals, charged the Microsoft Corporation with conducting illegal anti-competitive business practices.
Abstract The following paper discusses the controversial charges brought about by the government on Microsoft. The writer examines thoughts and opinions of people and companies that think that Microsoft and CEO Bill Gates are acting in violation of the anti-trust laws of the United States, while others think that the charges against Microsoft are damaging the free market. This paper examines the truth to both sides of the argument.
From the Paper "The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 was passed by the United States Congress in order to declare illegal "every contract combination in the form of a trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce with several states, or foreign nations", meaning that any corporate action for the purpose of eliminating competition in an area of business and of controlling the market for a product, was declared illegal. (1) In May of 1998, the United States Department of Justice charged the Microsoft Corporation with conducting such illegal anti-competitive business practices. Microsoft, the largest and wealthiest software company in the world, was under fire because it was supplying, free of charge, it's version of an internet browser called Internet Explorer with the selling of the Windows operating system. The government stated "internet browsers are separate products competing in a separate product market from personal computer operating systems"?. (2) The government was calling for action to split the Microsoft Corporation into two separate companies: software and web browsing."
Presents an argument that Socrates was guilty of one of the charges leveled at him in the famous trial brought against him by the democratic office of Athens.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 1 source, 2002, $ 26.95
Abstract The dialogue by Plato titled "The Apology", is more or less the trial of Socrates by the democratic office of Athens. As is generally known, Socrates is condemned to death. Although he presents a good defence for himself, the dialogue nevertheless results in the establishment of his guilt. In the dialogue in question, Socrates is charged with two major violations against the City-State or Athens. The charges which were made, were that he was 'teaching what was above and below the earth' (challenging the religion of the state), and that he was 'corrupting the youth'. It will be argued that although he was innocent of challenging the existence of the 'gods', it will also be argued that he can be understood as guilty with respect to corrupting the youth. His guilt will be presented in terms of the challenges which he makes to the ideas surrounding democracy.
A critical analysis of the bias and shallowness of the media in its reporting of the riots following the acquittal of police charged with beating Rodney King.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 10 sources, 1999, $ 63.95
Abstract "This study will examine the media coverage of the 1992 riots in Los Angeles following the acquittal of the police officers charged with beating Rodney King. The thesis of the study will be that the media was biased in its coverage of the riots, and that that bias was based on racial stereotyping.
From the Paper "This study will examine the media coverage of the 1992 riots in Los Angeles following the acquittal of the police officers charged with beating Rodney King. The thesis of the study will be that the media was biased in its coverage of the riots, and that that bias was based on racial stereotyping.
The sources consulted for this study indicate clearly that there was substantial bias in the coverage of the rioting. That bias involved reporters' assignments, the power over who wrote the words of the stories filed, the description of the rioting and its participants, and, most importantly, an almost total absence of meaningful analysis of the deeper socioeconomic issues which gave rise to the rioting.
Ishmael Reed, in Airing Dirty Laundry, posits the theory that the media is rife with subtle and not-so-subtle racial bias ..."
Abstract This paper examines how on August 30, 1999, the California Supreme Court announced its decision in People vs. Frazer and by a 4-3 majority, the Court upheld the state's revised statute of limitations for child molestation offenses. The case began on October 21, 1996, when the Mendocino County District Attorney charged Raymond Lawrence Frazer with one count of lewd conduct with a child under age 14. It discusses the history of the case, the issues involved and the Court's opinions (both the majority and the dissent).
From the Paper "The Municipal Court Judge held in Frazer's favor and dismissed the charge, finding that the law as enacted did not apply to crimes committed before January 1, 1994. (The Judge ignored the amendment that applied the law retroactively.) The District Attorney appealed to the Superior Court, which accepted the state's statutory interpretation, but still held for Frazer because it found the retroactive application of Section 803(g) constituted an ex post facto law. The Court of Appeals affirmed the Superior Court's decision on that ground, so the District Attorney appealed to the California Supreme Court."
Abstract This paper examines the concept of plea bargaining which involves a criminal case in which the defense and prosecution negotiate and compromise a type of arrangement in relation to a defendant's guilt and sentencing. In exchange for a guilty or no contest plea, the prosecution will request a reduction in the charges or sentence that a criminal would otherwise receive. It addresses the costs and benefits of plea bargaining, such as the advantages to the court system, judges and especially defendants. Furthermore, it discusses the pros and cons to all parties involved, including the victims. Lastly, the paper analyzes how plea bargaining could possibly be reformed and the necessity of making it more visible and understandable to society.
From the Paper "Another benefit to some defendants in regard to plea bargaining is the opportunity to be released from jail. Some criminals that would not be released otherwise are released instantly following the negotiation and approval of a plea bargain. It also gives the defendant the advantage of having the matter resolved quickly and having a less severe offense placed on their record. Offenses on one's record can weigh greatly on an individual. Felonies can be very harmful when applying for a job or avoiding some states? "three strikes" rule. Some states even require that professional licenses be revoked upon a felony conviction. Also, a felony conviction can result in the loss of the right to vote and possess firearms."
Abstract The paper discusses various forms in which workplace injuries and death can occur and explains under what kind of circumstances can charges be levied against the employers
Tags: BUSINESS / EMPLOYMENT, WORK RELATED ISSUES, declined workplace fatalities
Abstract This paper presents sound arguments for and against the heated issue of whether the juveniles should be charged as adults or not. We will present each argument in a separate paragraph and a refuting argument in the successive paragraph.
Abstract This essay deals with the changing attitudes towards war as expressed by the poets Alfred Lord Tennyson (pre 1914) and John Mc Crae in their works "The Charge of the Light Brigade? and "In Flanders Fields?. It includes an analysis of poetic techniques and the changing ideologies between the two poems, with a particular attention paid to social, historical and other contextual changes.
From the Paper "Tennyson's poem "The Charge of the Light Brigade" describes a great military disaster in the Crimean War where troops were massacred after being led to their death by their commanders. Tennyson praises the heroism of the British soldiers who faced a certain death, but who fought without questioning it. He portrays the battle as a glorious victory despite the huge disaster, admiring the courage of the men who gave up their lives to fight for their country: "Boldly they rode and well, Into the jaws of Death, Into the mouth of Hell". Here, Tennyson personifies death, using capital letters to emphasise the words "Death" and "Hell". He does this repeatedly throughout the poem, which reminds the reader that the soldiers are going to die. In stanza 5, when the brigade is retreating Tennyson uses a subtle variation of his earlier lines; this effectively works in re-iterating the fact that so few returned from the action. "They that had fought so well Came thro" the jaws of Death, Back from the mouth of Hell.?
Abstract This paper explores aspects of the criminal charge of involuntary manslaughter as applied to occurrences of workplace death and the legal response on this issue to date in the U.K. and Wales. It looks at how the standing legal precedent was set within the criminal code and how, in the year 2000, a Home Office Proposal introduced reforms on the Involuntary Manslaughter law in response to an array of work-related deaths. It examines how the reforms identified two additional definitions of what constitutes manslaughter and applies these definitions to the corporate arena.
Outline
Introduction
The Cases
Interpreting the Law in Courts
The Call for Reform
Nuances of the Corporate Reforms
A Third Offense?
The Results of Reforms
From the Paper "The Law Commission's report, Legislating the Criminal Code: Involuntary Manslaughter (1996), expressly identified two major problems relating to the interpretation of conduct conducted in the process of involuntary manslaughter. In particular, the report cites difficulties including (a) cases involving conduct that falls only just short of murder, where the accused was aware of a risk of causing death or serious injury, although he did not intend to cause either; (b) cases where the accused is a professional person who makes a very serious mistake that results in death; and (c) cases where a relatively minor assault ends in death. This leads to problems in sentencing, including the fundamental problem that many cases currently amounting to unlawful act manslaughter involve only minor fault on the part of the defendant, and therefore is questionable as manslaughter at all. The Law Commission has established that, if it can be proven that a reasonable person in observation could not have foreseen the consequence of death, and the person being held liable neither intended nor foresaw the incident, it is wrong to assign liability for what is essentially an accident or misfortune."
Abstract This paper provides an overview of electronic payment methods and outlines the relative advantages of electronic payment methods both for customer service and increased profitability. The main features of electronic payment cards, which include credit cards, virtual credit cards, debit cards, and charge cards, are described, and the main characteristics of successful e-payment methods are outlined. The recent successes of PayPal and VeriSign are outlined, and the author's personal interest in the subject is discussed.
Outline
Electronic Payment Methods
Main Features of Electronic Payment Methods
Electronic Payment Methods, PayPal and VeriSign
Personal Interest in Electronic Payment Methods
Additional Information on Electronic Payment Methods
From the Paper "Successful e-payment methods share a number of characteristics. These are: independence, interoperability and portability, security, anonymity, divisibility, ease of use, and transaction fees. Independence refers to the ability of e-commerce methods to operate without installing specialized software. Those e-commerce methods that do not require specialized hardware or software are more likely to be successful. Interoperability and portability refers to the ability of forms of e-commerce to interlink with other enterprise applications and systems. Security is an important consideration that encompasses the safety of the transfer and the chance of the transfer being intercepted. Anonymity is a characteristic of cash payments, where payment cannot be traced back to the buyer."
Abstract In this article, the writer points out that the reputation of a political figure, of an eminent student, or of an athlete is one of the most important aspects of his career. However, the writer notes that once a scandal breaks out in which one's reputation is torn apart, no matter the actions undertaken following such an event or whether one is guilty of the charges being brought upon him or not, that reputation can rarely be saved and rebuilt. The writer discusses that the case of baseball star Barry Bonds is a worthy example of the fact that scandals, regardless of their factual support, can decisively ruin one's reputation and image, not only towards the fans, but also in regard to the sponsors and investors. The writer concludes that in the eyes of the world, Bonds is guilty for the simple fact of having cast a doubt on his performances and may end up being labeled as just another player on steroids.
From the Paper "The rivalry existing between the two of them manifested at all levels, but especially concerning the physical abilities. In an attempt to take away the chance of winning new standards on world records, Bonds appealed to Anderson, a weightlifting trainer, who provided the athlete steroids as well. The visible changes that were noticed on Bonds' body made the world suspicious over the possibility of the athlete using steroids. However, neither his innocence nor his guilt can so far be proved.
"There are those who argue in support of the athlete's innocence, and others who argue against. Bonds' claims of innocence are based on the idea that although his test results did come up suggesting he has taken steroids, knowingly, he did not consume any enhancing performance drugs."
Abstract This paper discusses and analyzes Herodotus' "Histories". Specifically, the paper looks at how, in this work, Herodotus uses emotionally charged material and even what can be called propaganda, to carry the torch for Greek cultural dominion. In particular, the paper notes Herodotus' emphasis on Greek cultural superiority versus Persian Barbarism, the great lengths Herodotus goes to in order to describe the Persians as heathens, and how his objective, in writing "Histories", was to inspire pan-Hellenic pride and help strengthen the Greek empire.
From the Paper "A core concern of Herodotus in his Histories is the fragmentation of Greek culture itself. One of the main reasons Herodotus emphasizes the binary division between Greeks and Barbarians was because of the need to create a new pan-Hellenic identity. Herodotus' affection for Greek culture might have been rooted in his ability to compare the various Greek city-states with the cultures he witnessed while on his travels abroad. Like a precursor to the modern state, the pan-Hellenic identity united disparate peoples of the Aegean peninsula and its islands based on shared ideologies. The Greeks not only found common ground in their shared religious and philosophical beliefs but also in their mutual mistrust of outsiders. Persians became the external enemy of the whole Hellenic empire, even though the peoples of Sparta, Athens, Delphi, Macedonia, and throughout the Aegean had no centralized government. Herodotus tells the story of the Persian invasions for two main reasons: first to inspire pan-Hellenic pride and second to help strengthen a Greek empire".
