Abstract
This report explains in detail the function, structure and assembly of flagella in E.coli and Salmonella, using plain language and a number of diagrams. Movement (chemotaxis) is the primary function of flagella but its design also incorporates efficient repair capability and antigenic variation. In Salmonella and E.coli the flagellar filament is a homopolymer of flagellin monomers, although other species (such as Helicobacter) build their flagella from mixtures of two types of subunit. All the properties of the functioning filament are reflected in the structure of the flagellin monomer, which has conserved and variable regions, regions targeted by chaperones and coiling enzymes and regions evolved specifically for interaction between monomers. Chemotaxis is driven by a proton motive force (as in oxidative phosphorylation) and the basal complex that converts this energy into rapid rotation of the flagellum is highly complex.

From the Paper
"Many bacteria are motile and exhibit chemotaxis migration through the extracellular medium towards attractants (e.g. carbon sources), and away from repellents (e.g. antibiotics). The majority move using flagella protein structures variable in number and position (Box 1) that generate thrust by rotating like propellers. Flagella are 15nm in diameter and can be observed under light microscopy after thick metal staining or using advanced microscopy techniques such as electron microscopy. Because of the competitive advantages of chemotaxis, there has been strong selection for efficient chemotactic apparatus and flagellar efficiency. The flagellum is based in the bacterial surface layers where a complex array of proteins forms the flagellar motor. Resembling the electric rotary motor and the membrane-bound F1F0-ATPase, and powered by a proton influx across the inner membrane, this highly efficient machine is merely 30nm in diameter. Its mechanism is the subject of ongoing research."

Tags:antigenic, apparatus, bacteria, bacterial, chaperones, chemotaxis, coli, cytoplasmic, escherichia, export, flagellin, flagellum, motile, motility, salmonella, variation

Abstract
The paper shows how "Little Red Riding Hood" began as a story about female triumph and heroism, but has been transformed over the years by male authorship and the influence of male dominated societal values into a lesson in female obedience. The paper discusses the origin of "Little Red Riding Hood" as "Oral Conte de la mere-grand" and its subsequent publishing by Charles Perrault in his "Le Petit Chaperon Rouge," that painted a picture of how women were viewed during the 17th century. The paper then focuses on Joseph and Wilhelm Grimm's "Le Petit Chaperon Rouge" that offered a patriarchal lesson in female obedience. In addition, the paper looks at Anne Sexton's "Red Riding Hood" that is in contrast to the patriarchal morals of its predecessors, but still does nothing to directly empower female readers while Angela Carter's "The Company of Wolves," is an improvement but is not perfect. The paper asserts that women need an example to look toward and little girls need something concretely, female to lead the tale and teach the story of a woman's ability to thrive in a world of hungry wolves.

From the Paper
"By the time they are old enough to read, almost all little girls across the globe have heard the story of "Little Red Riding Hood" in one form or another. Most likely they have been exposed to either a tale from the Mother Goose collection, written by Charles Perrault or the version written by Joseph and Wilhelm Grimm. It is unfortunate that as they are read these traditional cautionary tales, they remain unaware of the "education" being drilled into their young minds. The values learned from classic fairy tales, which are the training wheels of literature, reflect a patriarchal society that indoctrinates women with a victim mentality. Even more unfortunate than the accidental installation of ancient male values is the ignorance about the good stuff that Mother Goose left out."

Tags:female, obedience, victimization, values, patriarchy, empowerment

Abstract
For many years nutritionists advised the general public about the cardiovascular implications of maintaining a diet regimen that restricts calorie intake. Information has now surfaced that a dietary restriction (DR) regimen has neurogenic implications. A DR regimen involves calorie restriction or intermittent fasting with maintained vitamin and mineral intake. This paper focuses on the effects of a DR regimen on neurogenesis and neuroprotection in the hippocampus and dentate gyrus. The contributory effect of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on neurogenesis is also examined in conjunction with a DR regimen.

From the Paper
"Further study in this field of neuroprotection involves establishing how the cellular stress induced by DR and the subsequent production of BDNF is able to increase the resistance of hippocampal neurons (2). In addition, it would be important for researchers to find applications of this neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease. Neurodegenerative disorders have been characterized as involving increased oxidative and metabolic stress, and overactivation of glutamate receptors (2). If DR results in the production of BDNF, which has been found to increase neuronal resistance, then the next logical progression of this research involves their use with neurodegenerative disorders."

Tags:C57BL/6, chaperones, MAP, bromodeoxyuridine