Abstract
This paper discusses the "institutional theory" of Alfred Chandler, a Harvard Professor. Chandler has studied the past trends in the history of American business and the reasons why most big businesses collapsed after due to mergers and acquisition before 1980s.

Abstract
This paper looks at some of the specific locations in the texts and their metaphorical significance before taking the discussion of urban representation to a wider scope by looking at Chandler's depiction of the Los Angeles and its inhabitants. It also examines the author's use of media and architecture as symbols of facade in both novels.

From the Paper
"Firstly, Chandler paints an image of Los Angeles as a "new center-less city in which the various classes have lost touch with each other because each is isolated in his own geographical compartment." As an urban sprawl, Chandler's Los Angeles accommodates a social structure that is similarly sprawling away from any central sense of community. "Neighborhoods are irrationally segregated from each other...and expensive ones like...Idle Valley are made inaccessible to those without cars or credentials." This quotation raises two important observations. The first is the significance of the name Idle Valley. As a valley it geographically shelters its inhabitants from exterior influences, presumably the citizens of the greater metropolis of Los Angeles and of the lower classes. "

Tags:angeles, architecture, crime, facade, hollywood, los, modernism

Abstract
In this article, the writer examines the book "The Big Sleep", the first in a series of 'Phillip Marlowe' crime novels by Raymond Chandler. The writer relates that the story unfolds through the narration of Marlowe, a private detective hired by the dying millionaire General Sternwood to solve a mystery blackmail case for the meager sum of twenty-five dollars a day. The writer concentrates on the discussion about the complex and contradictory character of Phillip Marlowe, focusing on his psychology. The writer analyzes the way Marlowe thinks and speaks and looks at what that can tell the audience about his relationship to the Sternwoods, to the world of crime he encounters, and to Los Angeles.

From the Paper
"To gain an insight into the actions of Marlowe it is first necessary to understand the context of his milieu. As early as the 1920s Los Angeles had become a commodity. The centralisation of the American Film Industry had created a city that traded the American Dream. It was marketed as Hollywood and suburban communities in the desert became immensely popular. This picture perfect ideal was shattered in the 1930's with the Wall Street collapse becoming an increasing disaster and the Great Depression gripping the nation. Now the picture perfect town had become another city where incomes dropped and unemployment was rising. Crime was rampant and dignity was lost, people only had cynicism and disillusionment for the future."

Tags:Marlowe, Sternwood, American, Dream, Knight

Abstract
This paper analyzes Chandler's hypothesis concerning the devleopment of big business in America. The author considers other theorists on the same issue.

Abstract
This paper discusses the character Little Chandler in James Joyce's "A Little Cloud", analyzing the way he lives a life of delusion and is unable to take responsibility for the choices he has made.

From the Paper
"Little Chandler refuses to acknowledge the circumstances of his present life. He rarely reflects on his own predicament, while devoting much thought to the life of Gallaher. When he contemplates "what changes [the] last eight years have brought", one expects him to mention the differences in his own life; however, he proceeds to describe the changes in Chandler's life over the years (846). He reveals virtually nothing about his job, making only passing references to his work. Chandler speaks of ?[turning] often from his tiresome writing to gaze out of the office window? (846). He then describes in detail the view from his office window, never explicitly stating what he does for a living."

Tags:responsibility

Abstract
Russell Chandler's Understanding the New Age is a breezy, generally good-hearted overview of the spiritual smorgasbord of the late 20th century. For the most part, Chandler treats the often eccentric religious manifestations of this era with respect and with the lightest of touches.

From the Paper
"Russell Chandler's Understanding the New Age is a breezy, generally good-hearted overview of the spiritual smorgasbord of the late 20th century. For the most part, Chandler treats the often eccentric religious manifestations of this era with respect and with the lightest of touches. Having to cover such a great deal of territory and material has hampered Chandler's ability to delve deeper into the content and concepts of these groups. However, he explores with greater focus and intensity, if not greater depth, the more mainstream-oriented of these and related entities, such as the humanistic psychology of thinkers like Maslow and Rogers, and the theories of Einstein and Heisenberg. The reader can be forgiven for concluding that Chandler, the religion writer for the Los Angeles Times for almost two decades, takes the New Age religions with a grain of salt, believing..."

From the Paper
"Alfred D. Chandler's Strategy and Structure focuses on an examination of the operations and practices of four major firms.
His major argument seems to hypothesize that the form of any business enterprise is determined by the nature of the tasks it performs. Managerial and administrative structure follow strategy. The word "strategy" for Chandler refers to objectives and policy options such as product diversification, vertical integration, mass-marketing, or territorial expansion. Chandler then shows how the resulting innovations in corporate strategy subsequently induced changes in business organizations (pp. 13-15).
Companies whose success brought them to prominence in the national market for their principal product followed the lead of the early railroads and communication companies, employing a ..."

Abstract
Alfred D. Chandler's article entitled "The Enduring Logic of Industrial Success" states that the pioneers in a market will dominate their industries and continue to do so for decades. The writer examines in detail why these companies are identified as first movers and how they take advantage of being first movers to capture markets and become successful.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Findings & Discussion
L'Oreal
Toyota
P&G
Conclusion

From the Paper
"L'Oreal is one of the first companies who sought to compete internationally beyond local or regional markets. When it enters a new market, the most significant strategy is to buy and repackage the local brands and make them world-famous. The most famous examples are Maybelline, Soft Sheen and Carson in the United States and Shu Uemura in Japan. L'Oreal was not satisfied with the profit-guaranteed market of Maybelline in Middle America. Aggressively, it promotes its products worldwide. When Carson found a market in South Africa, the Savannah firm, in debt, was unable to do the investment, L'Oreal made it because Owen Jones, the chairman of the company realized that "people of African origin, where they were in the world, were a huge future potential business" (Tomlinson, 2002). In addition to economics of scale to exert its cost advantage, L'Oreal also expands via economics of scope tremendously in years. The company started out in hair dyes. Now they have products in hair color, permanents, hairstyling aids, body and skin care, skin cleansers, and fragrances. Since they market over 500 brands and more than 2000 products, this provides them with a very strong presence in the beauty market. L'Oreal products are found in all distribution channels: hair salons, hypermarkets, supermarkets, health and beauty outlets, and direct mail. This gives them an advantage over competitors with limited distribution outlets."

Tags:Chandler, enduring, industrial, logic, mover, pioneers, success

Abstract
This paper evaluates the comparing and contrasting aspects of the theme of dysfunctional family relationships in "The Adventure of the Speckled Band" by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and "The Big Sleep" by Raymond Chandler. The paper explains that the main comparison between these two mysteries is that they contain the element of greed as the focal point of family dysfunction and the resulting murders that are committed within the families conflicts.

Tags:chandler, sleep, doyle

Abstract
This paper examines the influence of gender in the writing of these two works and the effectiveness of the given text in relating the information to the reader. The author points out that both Donna Haraway and Daniel Chandler argue that in the world so filled with technological advancements it is very hard to separate the human component from the technological. The paper relates that Haraway expresses extreme feminist ideas in her work; however, Chandler's work is not gender-based at all. The author relates that Haraway is very allegorical and attempts to bring up images of genderless, machine-like women to make her point clear; on the other hand, Chandler avoids the allegories, providing a more informative rather than speculative outlook on the subject.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Comparative Analysis
Contrast Analysis
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Chandler applies the technological progress and cultural development to the world in general and outlines how these trends shape the society and what forces contribute to the humans' desire for progress. Haraway, who is very subjective, focuses on one group of people in particular - women. The basis of her work is the gender-defined society where progress does not serve to unite but rather separate the people into gender and class, therefore outlining a very socialist idea of inequality and strives for such. Haraway seeks to make a point about the seeming lack of such equality in today's world and how it ties in with the technological progress."

Tags:logical, emotional, extremist, impulsive, organized