Abstract
An analysis of the life and political career of Angela Merkel, the first female leader of the CDU and Chancellor of Germany. This paper begins with her early career in pre-unification East Germany and follows through to her role in recent political events like the Euro Zone Sovereign Debt Crisis.

Outline:
School Life & Early Political Inclinations
Political Life
Chancellorship
European Financial Crisis
Conclusion

From the Paper
"With the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, Merkel stepped into a full-time role in politics, becoming the deputy spokesperson for the Lothar de Maiziere pre-unification government. Post-reunification, she herself was elected to the Bundestag as a representative of her East German district, Stralsund-Nordvorpommern-Rugen, which she would represent until her ascendancy to the Chancellorship. From that point, she served in ministerial positions, including Minister for Women and Youth and Minister for the Environment and Nuclear Safety. During this time, she was taken into the mentorship of Chancellor Helmut Kohl.

"After Kohl's defeat in the general election of 1998, Merkel moved on to a position as Secretary-General in her party, the Christian Democratic Union. During her tenure, she significantly expanded the influence and purchase of her party through several elections. A significant turning point for her came when she was forced to turn against Kohl, who had been implicated in a financing scandal, and pave a new road for the party away from his influence. This led to her being elected the chair of the CDU, the first woman to hold this position.

"As her reputation in Germany grew, suggestions began to emerge that she challenge Chancellor Gerhard Schroder for the Chancellorship. However, despite her increasing popularity generally, she faced opposition from within a faction of her own party, the Bavarian Christian Social Union-- a [predominantly Catholic organization that was opposed to her Protestant identity. The CSU's own leader, Edmund Stoiber, was put forth as the candidate and lost in the general election. After this defeat, Merkel was able to move into the leadership of the entire conservative opposition in the Bundestag."

Tags:Angela Merkel, Chancellor of Germany, CDU, Christian Democratic Union, Germany' first female chancellor

Abstract
This essay addresses the question of how and why Adolf Hitler rose to the office of German chancellor in 1933. The paper contends that Hitler's ultimate appointment was the result of personalities, events and competing interests. Also examined is the role of notable power-brokers such as Hindenburg, von Papen, Schleicher and others. This paper further challenges the common view that Hitler's imposing personality and wide public appeal made his elevation almost certain. There is also a discussion of different historiographical views.

From the Paper
"Nevertheless, any examination of this must begin with an examination of Weimar - and that must start with its constitution: drafted by a liberal lawyer, debated and ratified in the first months of 1919 by a National Assembly dominated by socialists and moderates. It was a remarkable deviation from the imperial constitution which had preceded it. Instead of the earlier document's Bismarkian paternalism the Weimar constitution was rooted in popular sovereignty (Article One declares that "state authority derives from the people" ) and free-hand liberalism, bestowing a range of extensive civil rights on the German people. These included universal franchise at age 20 (including women); freedom of thought, expression and association; and full equality before the law. It utilized proportional representation - an innovative but largely untried electoral method in Europe to that point - to elect Reichstag members for four-year terms."

Tags:Hitler, NSDAP, Nazi Party, Hindenburg, von Papen, chancellor, 1933

Abstract
This paper discusses the formation of the executive powers in both the United States and Germany. It looks at the power that the laws provide to each leader, as well as the limitations that exist in order to prevent the acquirement of excessive power. The paper compares the executive power of the Chancellor in Germany to that of the President of the United States.

Table of Contents:
German Government and Executive Powers
United States Government and Executive Powers
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Checks and balances in the United States begin with the formation of the United States Congress, comprised of the House of Representatives and the Senate. Laws of the nation must be passed by a majority vote in both houses before they can be sent to the president for approval. However, the president also has the authority to veto any legislation that he or she does not approve of, creating a situation in which the Congress must redesign the bill and seek approval again. However, the Congress can "override" the veto if there are enough votes in both the House and Senate to do so ("Checks", 2006)."

Tags:congress, authority, government

Abstract
Argues that Wolsey, as Lord Chancellor and an intimate advisor to Henry VIII, was not a pawn of the King. Wolsey's consolidation of his personal power and wealth. His being subject to the King's pleasure and will. His diplomatic talents and achievements. His role in Church reform & disastrous administration of the Church. His excellent changes in the law courts. Outline.

From the Paper
"I Thomas Cardinal Wolsey was not a pawn of Henry VIII even
though all his actions were subject to the King's approval.
A. Wolsey's talents and ambition made him an accomplished diplomat and administrator, and allowed him to amass great wealth from his ecclesiastical positions. Wolsey's status as his own man, rather than a pawn of the King, must be judged in terms of what he wished to accomplish rather than by current standards.


II Wolsey had great diplomatic talents.
His Treaty of London secured a vital alliance with France and made England a major power in European politics.


B. Wolsey grasped the importance of clear, comprehensive treaties along modern lines and securing English safety..."

Abstract
This paper presents a study carried out that shows that university rank has a significant effect on the salary of Vice Chancellors (VC) because of limitations in financial resources at these institutions. Other findings in this study are that two factors hold primary influence in the remuneration package awarded to VCs at UK universities. These factors are internal pay scales of other academic employees and external pay scales of CEOs in other similar size firms in the UK.

Outline:
Introduction
Objectives
Research Question
Background of the Study
Overview of Following Chapters
Literature Review
Methodology
Analysis of Findings
Conclusion
Appendix A: VIice-Chancellors' Annual Salaries 2006-2007

From the Paper
"In a report published March 21 2006, it is related in the University of Surrey Students' Newspaper as follows: "Unions representing university teachers are calling for an inquiry in light of the recent revelations that Vice Chancellors have enjoyed a 25% pay increase over the past three years. Among the top paid Vice Chancellors in the country, the University of Surrey was the third highest. Although the national average for the VC increase was around a quarter, UniS and Cardiff gave their Vice-Chancellors the biggest rise with a 61% salary increase." (Bates and Ward, 2006) The report goes on to relate that an inquiry will be requested by the Association of University Teachers who plan to write to Ruth Kelly, Education Secretary, requesting the same. (Bates and Ward, 2006; paraphrased) This report states that it is important for Vice-Chancellors pay to be scrutinized in the same manner as lecturers and other staff at the universities. Bates and Ward state that while "Vice-chancellors do a demanding job as chief executives of complex, multimillion pound organizations..." they are paid for than the Prime Minister, Tony Blair, in many cases. (Bates and Ward, 2006)"

Tags:spokesman, governor, remuneration, significance

Abstract
This paper examines the life of Adolf Hitler through his childhood, service in World War I, and the formation of the Nazi Party in Germany. It looks at his rise to power over the years against the backdrop of the changing political scene in Germany.

From the Paper
"The age-old view of the Jewish people as "the Christ-killers" served as a suitable backdrop in which to place the blame for a wide variety of social ills now gripping the nation. Whether by their nature, or some cruel trick of fate, the Jewish community in Germany had largely secured their assets in durable items such as real estate, artwork, and precious stones. Thus, as the economy crashed around them, the Jewish minority remained financially secure. Resentment among Germans grew strong as they watched their children grow weak with starvation while the Jewish community thrived."

Tags:1933, adolph, chancellor, germany, hitler, nazi, nazis

From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine why Thomas More, chancellor of England at the time of Henry VIII's marriage to Anne Boleyn, refused to support Henry's request for an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon and remarriage to Boleyn. The plan of the research will be to set forth the essential elements of the conflict, including the issues that confronted the major players, and then to discuss, with reference to the text of contemporaneous documents of church and state, More's position as articulated in them and in More's public and private correspondence.


The essential elements of the conflict over More's refusal to support the annulment can be seen in the wide context of conflicting spiritual and political priorities that dominated Europe during the Renaissance, and in the narrower context of...:

From the Paper
"This research examines the Christian Democratic government of Chancellor Helmut Kohl in Germany. Kohl's government was in power in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), or West Germany, prior to its unification with the German Democratic Republic (GDR), or East Germany, (Paxton, 1990), on 3 October 1990, and, in mid-November 1990, heads the government of the newly united Germany.

The findings of this examination are presented in four separate, but related, discussions. The topic area of these discussions are (1) West Germany under the Kohl Government, (2) Kohl's political philosophy, (3) economic conditions in Germany, and Kohl's economic perspective, and (4) Kohl's role in German unification."

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that a number of indicators that determine good universities include student satisfaction, as well as student to staff ratio, services and facilities, as well the number of university staff earning high salaries. The writer discusses the renumeration packages of university executives in the United Kingdom and maintains that the findings of this study show that university rank has a significant effect on the salary of Vice Chancellors (VCs) because of limitations in financial resources at these institutions. Further, the writer points out that internal pay scales of other academic employees and external pay scales of CEOs in other similar size firms in the UK are two factors that hold primary influence in the remuneration package awarded to VCs at UK universities. The writer provides a literature review in this area of study and then describes the methodology utilized in this study. The writer conducts an analysis of the literature reviewed and states conclusions. This paper includes figures and charts.

Outline:
Introduction
Objectives
Research Question
Background of the Study
Remainder of the Study: Chapter Outline
Chapter Two: Literature Review
Part One - Qualitative Analysis
Part Two - Quantitative Analysis
Data Analysis
Chapter Three: Methodology
Chapter Four: Analysis of Findings
Chapter Five: Conclusion
Bibliography

From the Paper
"Vice-chancellor salaries rose by 8% making average pay for vice-chancellors to L177,844 to include benefits. The average contribution of Universities to vice-chancellors pensions for the 2006-2007 period was L22,452. The variation in the pay can be seen between the universities that are the wealthiest in that they pay quite a bit more than other universities. Many of the universities base their pay on the market average of their competitors. Women are noted in this study to earn approximately 16 percent less than their male counterparts and there is a variation of a considerable amount between institutions.
"Data collected during the course of the review of literature is listed in the following table for comparison. The data is next compared and grouped according to type of data and listed according to the data indicated to be the largest factors in affecting the remuneration package awarded to Vice-Chancellors at Universities in the United Kingdom."

Tags:earners, pay, financial, resources, salary

Abstract
The paper describes how Dickens, in "Bleak House", employs the neighborhood, the building, the store and its wares and the character of Mr. Krook himself, as caricatured reflections of the court of Chancery and the Lord Chancellor. In particular, the paper portrays how the use of Mr. Krook as a counterpoint to the High Chancellor allows Dickens to satirize and mock the court of Chancery.

From the Paper
"Additionally, both the Lord Chancellor and Krook are creatures of habit and resistant to change; the chancery suits over which the Lord Chancellor presides are intentionally extended and artificially lengthened by both the barristers on either side of the court case and the Lord Chancellor himself, so as to increase their legal fees, and thus are plodding, almost never-ending affairs which work against change as hard as possible; change is in fact against their best interest, as the faster the suit gets resolved the less pay they get. Their entire existence depends upon their ability to create their own work, as it were, by taking a simple chancery suit and turning it into a "perennially hopeless" quagmire (17). Krook, in the same fashion, is very hesitant to change his ways, or the things around him: "I can't abear ... to alter anything, or to have any sweeping, nor scouring, nor cleaning, nor repairing done around me" (70). This goes so far as to stop Krook, nominally a store-owner who profits from the sale of things, from ever parting with any of his possessions."

Tags:Lord, Chancellor, Chancery, court