Abstract
This paper outlines its political history. The author addresses some of the current problems facing Chad. The paper points out how the geography of the country impacts its development.

From the Paper
" This research paper examines the geopolitical effects and implications of the intervention by Libya in Chad in the 1970s and 1980s and its occupation of the Aozou strip.

Between 1965 and 1988, ethnic and religious strife and accompanying internal struggles led to the collapse of the post-colonial order in Chad and created a power vacuum in this central trans-Sahara region. This eventually led to the involvement of Libya in the affairs of Chad in furtherance of the strategic and other foreign policy aims of the radical revolutionary but oil-rich regime in Libya led by the mercurial Colonel Moammar Qaddafi. Libyan support for dissident Chadian warlords and competing factions rapidly grew into more overt and massive intervention by Libya, including its seizure of the.."

Abstract
This paper describes how refugees living in refugee camps experience many physical and emotional problems. The paper describes the terrible conditions in the refugee camps in Sudan and Chad as well as the better situation in refugee camps in Lebanon. The paper relates that Amnesty International is raising awareness to help the people suffering in Sudan and Chad.

From the Paper
"Refugees arriving at camps are going through and experiencing many problems usually physically as well as mentally. Many come wounded and starving to death. Many are experiencing post-traumatic stress disorder, or depression. A person like this is especially at risk when you place them in a new environment and a different lifestyle. Refugees are at a very high risk of committing suicide because of there chaotic lives. This is why it is very important that the refugees receive the medical care they need when arriving at a camp. Without the proper treatment these people are at a high risk."

Tags:Amnesty, International, genocide, hunger, thirst

Abstract
This paper is a book review that summarizes the debut novel of Chad Harbach entitled "The Art of Fielding". The writer purports that this novel was one of the most significant novels of 2011 because it has been well-received by many critics. Using reviews and outside descriptions, the review addresses the cultural significance of this important new voice in modern fiction.

Outline:
Introduction
Book Summary
Reviews

From the Paper
"The Art of Fielding is the debut novel by Chad Harbach. The Art of Fielding was released to widely positive reviews and is a New York Times Best Seller. It was rated as #1 amongst the Best Books of 2011 by Amazon; there are also plans in the works by HBO to produce a television drama based on the book.
Before the release of this novel, Chad Harbach was primarily known as one of the co-founders and co-editors of the literary magazine n+1. Born and raised in Wisconsin, Harbach pursued his education at Harvard and the University of Virginia.
"Harbach worked on The Art of Fielding for 10 years and was rejected by several publishing houses at first. This journey to publication was documented by Vanity Fair in the e-book, Vanity Fair's How a Book is Born: The Making of the Art of Fielding, written by n+1 co-founder Keith Gessen. The e-book follows Harbach from his pursuit of his MFA to his eventual national book tour in support of Fielding. The e-book is also a dissection of the cutthroat world of New York publishing, highlighting the imbalance between large publishing houses and small ones that don't have the backing of multinational corporations. When Harbach was finally able to get interest in his novel, several publishing houses jumped to attention and bid for the debut during a two-day phone auction- it was eventually sold to Brown for 650,000 USD. (Boroff, 2010)"

Tags:baseball, national, pastime, novel, best-selling

Abstract
The paper begins by tracing the origin and development of colonialism throughout Africa. It continues with a colonial history of Chad. Following this historical outline, the paper explores the effects of colonialism on this African country. The paper follows this form (of giving a historical outline and then exploring the effects of colonialism on the country) when discussing Nigeria and Angola. The paper also includes a comparison of the three countries in terms of the political, economic and national consequences of colonialism.

From the Paper
"Colonialism by stronger nations has been a part of history for thousands of years. The Romans practiced colonialism in ancient times, and the practice was exceedingly common in the 19th century. European nations tried to add to their power and prestige by adding to their cache of land, especially in Africa, where countries were ripe for the taking. "This colonial frenzy in the last twenty years of the nineteenth century saw all but 10 percent of the African continent colonized in a complex mix of political, economic, strategic, cultural, and religious rationales" (Wright 13)."

Tags:origin, development, effect, consequence, comparison, economic

From the Paper
"Human rights violations and political corruption have gone hand-in-hand in Africa for many, many years. Both have become commonplace in Africa's pre- and post-independence history. Governments have resorted to mass arrests, detention without trial, and the ill-treatment (as well as the genocidal murder) of citizens (Kelso, 1994). Abuse and corruption, the latter characterized by the enrichment of self-designated elites who often pocket funds destined for development and humanitarian programs of vital importance, are seemingly endemic and self-perpetuating throughout much of modern-day Africa."

Abstract
This paper briefly summarizes the main events of this story and discusses the main characters. Lambert Strether is an "ambassador" from Puritanical Woollett, Massachusetts, who travels to Paris to learn of the relationship between young Chad Newsome and an unknown woman. Chad's mother, Mrs. Newsome, has commissioned him to find out more about her son in the wild Paris scene. Mrs. Newsome represents the highly strict mores of New England, and Chad, the new freedom of Paris.

From the Paper
"Mrs. Newsome wants her son to come home, to take over his business opportunities and find a respectable marriage: indeed, "in triumph as a kind of wedding present to mother." Here begin mixed motives, for Mrs. Newsome has indicated that she will express her gratitude by marrying Strether if he succeeds. There will be financial stability for all involved, and Strether ignores the fact that he is not a fiance -- he is an employee.
Strether is the main character in "The Ambassadors," and the character discussed. We have several questions to answer about Strether's time in Paris, including: What does Strether learn in Paris? How does he learn it? From whom does he learn it? And what effect does what he learns have on him?"

Tags:paris, lesson, ambassador, story, novel, short

Abstract
This paper details the history and organizational structure of Oxfam International, founded in 1995 by a group of independent non-government organizations that banded together to achieve a greater impact in reducing poverty through their collective efforts. This paper delves into Oxfam's rebuilding efforts in Asia, after the 2005 tsunami disaster, in which the organization raised over $200 million, to provide long term relief to the affected countries. This paper details the efforts and accomplishments of Oxfam International in Nigeria, where the organization has made tremendous progress in the region, fighting slavery and discrimination. This paper discusses Oxfam's work in war-torn Sudan, where they have been helping more than 700,000 individuals in Darfur and Chad. This paper examines Oxfam's Make Trade Fair project, which calls on governments, institutions and multinational companies around the world to come together and form new trade practices, in order to combat global poverty. This paper also details the four main goals of non-governmental organizations, such as Oxfam, which include, setting agendas and negotiating outcomes, by means of research and lobbying in humanitarian and emergency situations.

Table of Contents:
Mission Statement
Organizational Structure
Recent Projects
Rebuilding After the Tsunami
Fighting Slavery and Discrimination in Nigeria
Sudan Crisis
Make Trade Fair
Four Roles of NGOs
Media Reports
Analysis

From the Paper
"Since the massive earthquake and tsunami disaster in Asia, Oxfam's humanitarian and reconstruction efforts through its 12 Oxfams around the world jointly raised approximately $200 million and now put to use in providing mid-and long-term relief in the affected countries and in helping the people is these countries rebuild their lives. The funding is to provide immediate water and sanitation, food and shelter in those regions affected by the tsunami. Oxfam continues to build temporary shelters, install water tanks, and provide emergency supplies like hygiene kits. Oxfam does this in collaboration with the governments of those countries, other non-governmental organizations and partners."

Tags:charitable, aid, global, poverty, tsunami, asia, trade, non, government

Abstract
This paper explores the various nations of Africa, including Ghana, Egypt, Sudan, Chad, Uganda, Ethiopia, and others. The paper looks at the significant events that shaped some of their histories, as well as the political and economic consequences of these events.

Contents
Introduction
Africa's Post-Independent State
Egypt's Struggle for Independence
Political Struggles in Africa
Shifting to Democracy
Conclusion

From the Paper
"There are many reasons for Africa's current state of political instability. For one, continuous rivalry between tribal units is a constant source of disunity (Cooper, 2002). For most of the 19th and early 20th century Africa had lived under colonial rule of the Europeans. Because the European leaders left Africa immediately after it gained independence, many African leaders are relatively inexperienced. Also, many leaders are greedy, corrupt and act entirely based on self-interest. Basically, because multi-party rule encouraged ethnic conflict, one party controlled most African states. This has largely contributed to Africa's political instability."

Tags:black, apartheid, egypt, european, colony, white, independence

Abstract
This paper examines Chad-born director Mahamat-Saleh Haroun?s 1999 docu-fiction "Bye Bye Africa" which allows the audience to see into modern-day North-Central Africa, revealing and commenting on its complex social, political and cultural issues. It discusses how more importantly than serving as a voyeuristic peek into the world of the Other for curious European audiences, "Bye Bye Africa" effectively gives a voice to Black Africans themselves, a people virtually voiceless in the dominant media. It analyzes how the film achieves this counter-normative goal through providing a succinct history of Black African cinema and the ideological/theoretical/ cultural debates much of it is based upon, followed by a close reading of the film itself through the philosophical lens this historical overview provides.

From the Paper
"Another way in which African cinema often wholly breaks dominant conventions is in the realm of language, by making use of native African language. This is a liberating change from most European depictions of Third World cultures, where ?[t]he languages spoken by Third World peoples are often reduced to an incomprehensible jumble of background murmurs, while major "native" characters are inconsistently obliged to meet the colonizer on the colonizer's linguistic turn? (Stam and Spence 240). Unfortunately in the case of Bye Bye Africa, language is one of the few aspects in which it supports the prevailing ideology: in its heavy use of the French language."

Tags:african, barlet, black, cinema, colonization, decolonization, film, haroun, mahamet, saleh, theory, ukadike