Abstract
This paper looks at one of the earliest empires in the Chinese Classical Civilization, the Ch'in, often referred to as the Qin. It explores how, although the dynasty did not last long, ranging from the years 221 B.C. to 207 B.C., during this time, many changes occurred, including the use of legalism to the start of the Great Wall. In particular, it shows how the first empire was not a long and successful one, but proved to be a great stepping-stone for the history of China and its progression into the modern world.

From the Paper
"The quick rise to power was due to the Ch'in's ability to rapidly adjust to the Legalist philosophy. This was initiated under Lord Shang. Realizing that the growth of the Ch'in's power solely rested upon a more efficient and centralized bureaucratic structure, they had to remove themselves from feudalism. Lord Shang created a new aristocracy based on military merit. To support his military, he instituted a draft at the age of fifteen. In turn what this did was replace the chariot and cavalry warfare, with masses of peasant infantry armed with swords and crossbows."

Tags:chou, confucius, great, huangti, legalism, shih, wall

Abstract
"How to Be Rid of a Rival" is a story of a naive woman, pursued for marriage by an already married man. The cunning first wife, although living in a society where women are powerless, expresses her dissatisfaction when she learns of the second wife. With revenge as her only motivation, her use of public humiliation, bribery and lies eventually drive the second wife to suicide. Recurring themes of Taoism, importance of family and the supernatural echo throughout this book.

From the Paper
"The death of the grandfather raises issues of religious practice and mysticism, as his death is attributed first to Taoist beliefs and practices, because the old man swallows gold and uses sulphide of mercury to poison himself. Taoism is a Chinese doctrine that made up for the lack of attention given religion by Confucius. Perfection is achieved by the mystic who is able to see the greater truth. Perfection means the loss of self in the trace state that allows conjunction between the individual and the universal. The one to which this perfection aspires is Tao, or the total spontaneity of all things. Te is the virtue or morality of the Confucians, and for the Taoist this is the Tao inherent in anything. It is the object's power. Tao is the way and te is its power, and these are the fundamental conceptions of Taoism. When one can become one with Tao, life and death no longer matter and perfection is achieved as one becomes unrestricted by time and space. Taoism did not mention gods or saints but emphasized how perfection could be achieved by all adherents. The actions of the old man have the aura of outlawed mysticism, and the response to the old man's death includes seizing the Taoist priests who influenced him."

Tags:literature, history, religion, culture, women

Abstract
The paper reveals that the theory of "Emptiness" is a core element of the Ch'an ("Meditation School") Buddhist tradition. This paper explores this concept, its origins in the tradition, and the approaches developed to arrive at this state. The paper demonstrates how the denial of conceptual thinking that underlies this "emptiness" is central to the theory and practice of Ch'an/Zen Buddhism. The paper looks at how scholars have long noted that the denial of reasoned conceptual thinking is the most characteristic feature of Ch'an/Zen Buddhism.

From the Paper
"The theory of "Emptiness" is a core element of the Ch'an ("Meditation School") Buddhist tradition. This essay will explore this concept, its origins in the tradition, and the approaches developed to arrive at this state. As will be seen, the denial of conceptual thinking that underlies this "Emptiness" is central to the theory and practice of Ch'an/Zen Buddhism. Scholars have long noted that the denial of reasoned conceptual thinking is the most characteristic feature of Ch'an / Zen Buddhism:..."

Tags:buddhism, ch'an, zen

From the Paper
"I. Basic Entry Decisions
a. Which markets
This is actually a dual decision, based on the necessity of narrowing the focus. Not only must the market be selected, but the type of software for that market. The market selected in Brazil, and the point of entry in that nation is Sao Paolo. And the software chosen is DataPoint, a software designed to enable businesses to quickly modify company Internet sites into Intranet sites and Extranet sites.
We will examine the reasons for choosing Brazil first.
Brazil's GDP is the tenth largest in the world (1999 ext. $643 billion) and it has a population of 156 million. A founding member of Mercosur, Brazil also has an average per capita GDP of $4,823 and an .."

Tags:LATIN, AMERICA

Abstract
The paper discusses how Zhu Xi (or Chu Hsi) became one of the preeminent figures in the history of Chinese philosophy as a consequence of his synthesis of Confucian concepts within the Neo-Confucianism of 12th century China. The paper explains how the concept of li played a critical role in this enterprise, for it was with Zhu Xi that the Li Hsueh or School of Li (also known as the Ch'eng-Chu School) found its most powerful advocate.

From the Paper
"Zhu Xi (or Chu Hsi) became one of the preeminent figures in the history of Chinese philosophy as a consequence of his synthesis of Confucian concepts within the Neo-Confucianism of 12th century China. The concept of li played a critical role in this enterprise, for it was with Zhu Xi that the Li hsueh or School of Li (also known as the Ch'eng-Chu School) found its most powerful advocate. As this essay will argue, to understand the importance of the concept of li in Zhu Xi's philosophy, we must situate it within the broader concerns of the Neo-Confucianist in order to understand the deeper significance of..."

Tags:li, philosophy, confucian

Abstract
The paper explores how the battle of la Drang shows how helicopters started to have a major influence on combat operations and the evolution of warfare. It discusses that the battle also showed how organizations, such as the air cavalry, with its enhanced ability to locate and battle the enemy, and the airmobile division, which was advanced in mobility, became useful means of warfare. The paper also focuses on the use of helicopters in combat after the Vietnam War.

From the Paper
"When faced with this counterattack, the NVA retired to the mountains but the general was not satisfied. He ordered the 1st Cavalry to switch to an offensive operation. At this point, the U.S. was unaware that the NVA was hiding in the la Drang Valley, where the 1st Cavalry was preparing to touch down to seek the enemy. Immediately, the battalion was faced with heavy fire and a strenuous counterattack."

Tags:First, Battalion, Air, Assault, Division, Pleiku, UH-1, Huey, CH-47, Chinook, Hal, More

Abstract
The paper relates that Ch'an Buddhism was a sect of Buddhism that emerged in the eighth century and become one of the most enduring sects. The paper discusses how it was Huineng's great achievements to found this sect. The paper relates that Huineng was a semi-barbarian, an illiterate peasant who became a Cantonese monk, and then went on to found Ch'an Buddhism in about 700 (Gernet).

From the Paper
"Ch'an Buddhism was a sect of Buddhism that emerged in the eighth century and become one of the most enduring sects. It was Huineng's great achievements to found this sect. Huineng was a semi-barbarian, an illiterate peasant who became a Cantonese monk, and then went on to found Ch'an Buddhism in about 700 (Gernet). Huineng lived from 638 to 713 CE. Depstie his svery humble beginnings, he left a profound influence on the..."

Tags:buddhism, huineng, china

Abstract
This paper describes and analyzes Ch'en Tu-hsiu's "Call to Youth" which was written in the pre-Communist era in China. The paper further shows the historical context in which this work was created, citing how in the Western world, war was raging between the great powers. Additionally, China was confronting the reality of the West, which was putting enormous pressure on China. The paper concludes by stating that at this time, China did not have its traditional strength to fall back on, that is, the philosophical tenets of Confucianism.

From the Paper
"Ch'en Tu-hsiu's "Call to Youth" was written in 1915, which was the pre-Communist era in China. In the Western world, war was raging between the great powers. China was confronting the reality of the West - a reality it had tried to ignore for a very long time. This was putting enormous pressure on China: how could it hope to compete with the West, or hold its own against an alien and technologically advanced civilization? Moreover, China did not have its traditional strength to fall back on, that is, the philosophical tenets of Confucianism. For so long, these tenets had provided a firm bed rock on which to rest. Now that these were..."

Tags:youth, china, 1915

Abstract
This paper reviews the book "The Dog Meat General" , which is a biography of Chang Tsung-ch-ang, a brutal military commander in China during the 1800s. According to the paper, this biography of Chang was written by Lin Yu-Tang in the 1940's and offers a bizarre and almost light hearted examination of brutal murders and heavy taxation on the Chinese people as a consequence. The paper summarizes the main arguments presented in the article and discusses the impact of the biography.

From the Paper
"Lin Yu-Tang presents an account of the brutal Chinese governor and army commander Chang Tsung-ch-ang, in his article titled `The Dog-Meat General'. The biography of Chang was written in the 1940s during a time when China was still in transition. The author presented this biography of Chang in his anthology titled `With Love and Iriony'. The biography is written in an almost light hearted tone and awe of the accomplishments that Change was able to achieve despite the brutal murders that occurred at his hands. This tone is most likely used because at the time that the biography was written China was still struggling for independence, and..."

Tags:china, 1800s, military

Abstract
In this paper the author takes an in-depth look at Ethanol. The author makes mention of the different ways that it can be produced, its various characteristics, chemical composition and uses. The paper concludes with various arguments as to why ethanol has so many benefits and is so useful and argues why it may well be the ?fuel of the future?.

From the paper:

?Ethanol (ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol) is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic, agreeable odor. In dilute aqueous solution, it has a somewhat sweet flavor, but in more concentrated solutions it has a burning taste. Ethanol, CH3CH2OH, is an alcohol, a group of chemical compounds whose molecules contain a hydroxyl group, ? OH ? bonded to a carbon atom.?

Tags:fermenting, distilling, starch, sugar, manufacture, solvent, ethanol, acetaldehyde, ethanoic, acid, acetic, ch3ch2oh, molecules, chemical, hydroxyl, c2h4, ethene, h2o, steam, c2h5oh, yeast, zymase, enzyme