Abstract
This paper describes and analyzes Ch'en Tu-hsiu's "Call to Youth" which was written in the pre-Communist era in China. The paper further shows the historical context in which this work was created, citing how in the Western world, war was raging between the great powers. Additionally, China was confronting the reality of the West, which was putting enormous pressure on China. The paper concludes by stating that at this time, China did not have its traditional strength to fall back on, that is, the philosophical tenets of Confucianism.

From the Paper
"Ch'en Tu-hsiu's "Call to Youth" was written in 1915, which was the pre-Communist era in China. In the Western world, war was raging between the great powers. China was confronting the reality of the West - a reality it had tried to ignore for a very long time. This was putting enormous pressure on China: how could it hope to compete with the West, or hold its own against an alien and technologically advanced civilization? Moreover, China did not have its traditional strength to fall back on, that is, the philosophical tenets of Confucianism. For so long, these tenets had provided a firm bed rock on which to rest. Now that these were..."

Tags:youth, china, 1915

From the Paper
"The Chinese Revolution was a massive shift in social, political, cultural, and economic thinking and in the institutions of Chinese society. The Revolution was led by Mao Tse-Tung and his followers and took place in stages, putting certain Marxist and Leninist conceptions into practice in China and involving both a violent overthrow of the existing government and the long process of transforming Chinese society into a socialist enterprise. Different writers have examined these changes and the role of Mao in effecting them. Stuart Schram in Mao Tse-Tung (1966) examines the issue in terms of the man - his life, his education, his thinking, and how his view of the world was formed and would motivate his actions. Jerome Ch'.n in Mao and the Chinese revolution (1965) also considers the Revolution in terms of Mao and the development of his thinking, but he gives much more..."

Tags:CHINA

Abstract
This paper explains that the Chinese Communist uprising in Canton in 1927 was put down by Nationalist forces under Chiang Kai-Shek, but it remains a seminal event in the development of China's present government. The author points out that the novel itself is a meditation on the revolutionary spirit, embodied most clearly in the main character, Ch'en, who sacrifices his life for his cause in order to achieve in death the unity with humanity that he missed in life.

Abstract
This paper discusses that the first major similarity involves the qualities of the two main characters, Monkey and Candide, who both are rebelling from the general beliefs and rules of society. The author points out that another similarity for the two main characters is their physical journey, which represents a journey to enlightenment. The paper relates that the final major similarity in the two works is that they both make significant use of humor because the books are dealing with complex and serious issues including philosophy, suffering, and religion.

From the Paper
"The seriousness of these issues makes writing about them a difficult process and one that could easily result in a book that is difficult for the reader to enjoy. In both cases, the author has chosen humor as a means of ensuring that the books remain accessible and enjoyable, even with the tough issues they deal with. In Candide, examples of suffering are used throughout to present the real problems of the world. On his travels Candide sees people being burned to death to prevent earthquakes, sees people dying in a war over a worthless piece of land, and sees a Pope acting in ways no better than common people. Without the satire and humor Voltaire incorporates into the work, the suffering depicted would be overwhelming and the book would be difficult to enjoy."

Tags:characters, society, humor, journey, enlightenment

Abstract
This paper examines Sartre's "Being and Nothingness" and how he portrays the nature of consciousness and material reality. The paper looks at this nature by way of Sartre's early works that have a bearing on these issues, including "Being and Nothingness", "The Psychology of Imagination", and "Nausea". The paper points out that Sartre relied very heavily on the categories of Heidegger's "Being and Time" and thus considers how Heidegger would assess the Sartrean 'en-soi'.

From the Paper
"There is the common-place acknowledgement that Jean-Paul Sartre's Being and Nothingness is an interpretation of Martin Heidegger's discussions of anxiety, guilt, death, and temporality in Being and Time. Indeed, Sartre's debt to Heidegger is substantial. For example, Heidegger's Dasein, inauthenticity, and facticity (or thrownness) become Sartre's pour-soi, bad faith, and contingency, respectively."

Tags:dasein, etre, pour, soi, for, itself, conscious, subject, misinterpretations, existence

Abstract
The writer examines how the film "Taxi Driver" uses the camera angles, lighting, costume and setting and transitional elements associated with "mise en scene" to enhance the film's message separately from the dialogue. In the writer's opinion, "Taxi Driver" made excellent use of these elements to create a bold statement about society.

From the Paper
"We start by looking at the use of lighting in the film, a key element. For the majority of the production, lighting is used to create a dirty ominous feel. The director does this by using low key lighting combined with blue and red filters. This helps to create a picture of a lonely man who has seen no happiness in life. The few times in the picture when bright lighting is used coincide with our main character speaking about the woman who could be his love interest (Cybil Sheppard). The bright lighting used at these times help to indicate a glimmer of hope within our principal character, and when it goes wrong, it intensifies the impression that he has gone over the edge."

Tags:camera, angles, lighting, costume, setting, transitional, elements

Abstract
The paper examines Voltaire's "Candide" and Wu Ch'eng-En's "Monkey." It shows "Monkey" to be representative of the Buddhist understanding of detachment.

From the Paper
"The Pursuit of a Suitable Detachment
Quest literature such as Voltaire's Candide and Wu Ch'eng-En's Monkey often provides insight into cultural, philosophical, and religious interpretations of government, nature, man, and religion itself. In the two ..."

Abstract
This paper discusses Andre Malraux's novel, "Man's Fate", reflecting on the human emotions and conflicts that have characterized warfare for thousands of years. The paper describes the book as a powerful novel that depicts human loss, difficult decisions, and the conflict of ideologies.

From the Paper
"The characters in Man's Fate each have their flaws and secrets, and these mirror those seen in humanity as a whole. As Ch'en murders for the first time, he fears for his own soul and sanity, and these fears allow him to complete the suicide bombing with such apparent exuberance. Ferral, in contrast, possesses a primal need for control that he acts out upon everything around him. Old Gisor's addiction to opium and his love for his son underlie his own emotions and actions, while Kyo's behavior stems from his patriotism and drive to fulfill his people's cause. Katov sacrifices himself in order to relive the suffering of his comrades before his own."

Tags:ch'en, gisor, kyo, katov

Abstract
This paper examines Mao Zedong's rise to power in the Communist Party of China and focuses, in particular, how the Long March, in which Mao led some 130,000 men and women across 6,000 miles of China's countryside, actually promoted and solidified Mao's leadership.

From the Paper
"Mao Zedong's leadership of 20th Century China has a heroic, almost mythic appeal to modern Communists, yet Chairman Mao cemented the majority of his power in the mid-1930s through a series of dramatic, forceful decisions. The greatest of these was a spectacular military campaign known as The Long March, in which Mao led some 130,000 men and women across 6,000 miles of China's countryside, losing nearly 120,000 of his soldiers to starvation and disease in the process. But by a magnificent twist of fate, instead of decimating him, the Long March proved his perseverance. It primarily created a mythology of Mao as Hero, but on more pragmatic terms it established a vital base of operations outside of the Kuomintang centers of power. It also strengthened his remaining army and roused support from a disgruntled peasant class who were later instrumental in shaping his mighty career."

Tags:li, ta-chao, ch'en, tu-hsiu, revolutionary, ideology, autumn, harvest, rebellion, peasants