Abstract
The paper reveals that the theory of "Emptiness" is a core element of the Ch'an ("Meditation School") Buddhist tradition. This paper explores this concept, its origins in the tradition, and the approaches developed to arrive at this state. The paper demonstrates how the denial of conceptual thinking that underlies this "emptiness" is central to the theory and practice of Ch'an/Zen Buddhism. The paper looks at how scholars have long noted that the denial of reasoned conceptual thinking is the most characteristic feature of Ch'an/Zen Buddhism.

From the Paper
"The theory of "Emptiness" is a core element of the Ch'an ("Meditation School") Buddhist tradition. This essay will explore this concept, its origins in the tradition, and the approaches developed to arrive at this state. As will be seen, the denial of conceptual thinking that underlies this "Emptiness" is central to the theory and practice of Ch'an/Zen Buddhism. Scholars have long noted that the denial of reasoned conceptual thinking is the most characteristic feature of Ch'an / Zen Buddhism:..."

Tags:buddhism, ch'an, zen

Abstract
This paper looks at one of the earliest empires in the Chinese Classical Civilization, the Ch'in, often referred to as the Qin. It explores how, although the dynasty did not last long, ranging from the years 221 B.C. to 207 B.C., during this time, many changes occurred, including the use of legalism to the start of the Great Wall. In particular, it shows how the first empire was not a long and successful one, but proved to be a great stepping-stone for the history of China and its progression into the modern world.

From the Paper
"The quick rise to power was due to the Ch'in's ability to rapidly adjust to the Legalist philosophy. This was initiated under Lord Shang. Realizing that the growth of the Ch'in's power solely rested upon a more efficient and centralized bureaucratic structure, they had to remove themselves from feudalism. Lord Shang created a new aristocracy based on military merit. To support his military, he instituted a draft at the age of fifteen. In turn what this did was replace the chariot and cavalry warfare, with masses of peasant infantry armed with swords and crossbows."

Tags:chou, confucius, great, huangti, legalism, shih, wall

Abstract
"How to Be Rid of a Rival" is a story of a naive woman, pursued for marriage by an already married man. The cunning first wife, although living in a society where women are powerless, expresses her dissatisfaction when she learns of the second wife. With revenge as her only motivation, her use of public humiliation, bribery and lies eventually drive the second wife to suicide. Recurring themes of Taoism, importance of family and the supernatural echo throughout this book.

From the Paper
"The death of the grandfather raises issues of religious practice and mysticism, as his death is attributed first to Taoist beliefs and practices, because the old man swallows gold and uses sulphide of mercury to poison himself. Taoism is a Chinese doctrine that made up for the lack of attention given religion by Confucius. Perfection is achieved by the mystic who is able to see the greater truth. Perfection means the loss of self in the trace state that allows conjunction between the individual and the universal. The one to which this perfection aspires is Tao, or the total spontaneity of all things. Te is the virtue or morality of the Confucians, and for the Taoist this is the Tao inherent in anything. It is the object's power. Tao is the way and te is its power, and these are the fundamental conceptions of Taoism. When one can become one with Tao, life and death no longer matter and perfection is achieved as one becomes unrestricted by time and space. Taoism did not mention gods or saints but emphasized how perfection could be achieved by all adherents. The actions of the old man have the aura of outlawed mysticism, and the response to the old man's death includes seizing the Taoist priests who influenced him."

Tags:literature, history, religion, culture, women

From the Paper
"This paper will discuss the history of the Chinese family from the time of the late Han dynasty (approximately 200 A.D.) to the early Ch'ing dynasty (approximately 1700). During this long period, there was very little change in the role and structure of the Chinese family. In terms of structure, the extended family was the preferred unit because it increased the strength and stability of the family group. Over time, this idea was expanded until clans and lineages became predominant elements in Chinese society. Other structural elements in the traditional Chinese family centered around authoritarian values, such as male dominance and respect for the elderly. One of the major roles of the family during this time was to help provide a secure basis for social order. In addition, the family was important because it provided purpose and meaning in the life of the individual."

Abstract
The paper relates that Ch'an Buddhism was a sect of Buddhism that emerged in the eighth century and become one of the most enduring sects. The paper discusses how it was Huineng's great achievements to found this sect. The paper relates that Huineng was a semi-barbarian, an illiterate peasant who became a Cantonese monk, and then went on to found Ch'an Buddhism in about 700 (Gernet).

From the Paper
"Ch'an Buddhism was a sect of Buddhism that emerged in the eighth century and become one of the most enduring sects. It was Huineng's great achievements to found this sect. Huineng was a semi-barbarian, an illiterate peasant who became a Cantonese monk, and then went on to found Ch'an Buddhism in about 700 (Gernet). Huineng lived from 638 to 713 CE. Depstie his svery humble beginnings, he left a profound influence on the..."

Tags:buddhism, huineng, china

Abstract
This paper reviews the book "The Dog Meat General" , which is a biography of Chang Tsung-ch-ang, a brutal military commander in China during the 1800s. According to the paper, this biography of Chang was written by Lin Yu-Tang in the 1940's and offers a bizarre and almost light hearted examination of brutal murders and heavy taxation on the Chinese people as a consequence. The paper summarizes the main arguments presented in the article and discusses the impact of the biography.

From the Paper
"Lin Yu-Tang presents an account of the brutal Chinese governor and army commander Chang Tsung-ch-ang, in his article titled `The Dog-Meat General'. The biography of Chang was written in the 1940s during a time when China was still in transition. The author presented this biography of Chang in his anthology titled `With Love and Iriony'. The biography is written in an almost light hearted tone and awe of the accomplishments that Change was able to achieve despite the brutal murders that occurred at his hands. This tone is most likely used because at the time that the biography was written China was still struggling for independence, and..."

Tags:china, 1800s, military

Abstract
This paper describes and analyzes Ch'en Tu-hsiu's "Call to Youth" which was written in the pre-Communist era in China. The paper further shows the historical context in which this work was created, citing how in the Western world, war was raging between the great powers. Additionally, China was confronting the reality of the West, which was putting enormous pressure on China. The paper concludes by stating that at this time, China did not have its traditional strength to fall back on, that is, the philosophical tenets of Confucianism.

From the Paper
"Ch'en Tu-hsiu's "Call to Youth" was written in 1915, which was the pre-Communist era in China. In the Western world, war was raging between the great powers. China was confronting the reality of the West - a reality it had tried to ignore for a very long time. This was putting enormous pressure on China: how could it hope to compete with the West, or hold its own against an alien and technologically advanced civilization? Moreover, China did not have its traditional strength to fall back on, that is, the philosophical tenets of Confucianism. For so long, these tenets had provided a firm bed rock on which to rest. Now that these were..."

Tags:youth, china, 1915

From the Paper
"Two important works of art representing different styles from the same period of time in China are "Li Po chanting a Poem" and "Mother Monkey and Child." A comparison of the two will show the wide range of styles and expression in the Sung Dynasty and the similarities between the two artists. The works actually derive from similar impulses on the part of the artists but try to reach their goals through different methods. The works will be considered in terms of formal visual and content analyses, with some background on the artists, their circumstances, and their reason for producing these works.

"Li Po chanting a Poem" is a hanging scroll produced as ink on paper in the mid-thirteenth century, during the Sung Dynasty, by Liang K'ai. It is presently in Tokyo in the commission for the Protection of Cultural Properties Collection. ... "

From the Paper
"I. Basic Entry Decisions
a. Which markets
This is actually a dual decision, based on the necessity of narrowing the focus. Not only must the market be selected, but the type of software for that market. The market selected in Brazil, and the point of entry in that nation is Sao Paolo. And the software chosen is DataPoint, a software designed to enable businesses to quickly modify company Internet sites into Intranet sites and Extranet sites.
We will examine the reasons for choosing Brazil first.
Brazil's GDP is the tenth largest in the world (1999 ext. $643 billion) and it has a population of 156 million. A founding member of Mercosur, Brazil also has an average per capita GDP of $4,823 and an .."

Tags:LATIN, AMERICA

From the Paper
"The Chinese Revolution was a massive shift in social, political, cultural, and economic thinking and in the institutions of Chinese society. The Revolution was led by Mao Tse-Tung and his followers and took place in stages, putting certain Marxist and Leninist conceptions into practice in China and involving both a violent overthrow of the existing government and the long process of transforming Chinese society into a socialist enterprise. Different writers have examined these changes and the role of Mao in effecting them. Stuart Schram in Mao Tse-Tung (1966) examines the issue in terms of the man - his life, his education, his thinking, and how his view of the world was formed and would motivate his actions. Jerome Ch'.n in Mao and the Chinese revolution (1965) also considers the Revolution in terms of Mao and the development of his thinking, but he gives much more..."

Tags:CHINA