Abstract This paper proposes a study to determine whether a mechanism exists that links C-1 esterase inhibitor deficiency with Chronic Fatigue syndrome (CFS). FS is a clinically defined condition which is characterized by severe and disabling fatigue. It examines the problems faced by health care professionals in treating CFS patients since the etiology of the illness is not known. It attempts to determine whether CFS patients are characterized by a C-1 esterase inhibitor deficiency and whether replacement therapy for C-1 esterase inhibitor deficiency leads to improvements in patients? CFS status. It also looks at the significance of the study to nursing since advanced practice nurses play an important role in the delivery of care to CFS patients.
Outline
Introductory Statement
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions
Significance of the Study to Nursing
Background Information
Review of Literature
C-1 Esterase Inhibitor Deficiency: Related Research
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)
Conclusions Relevant to the Study Problem
From the Paper "The role of the advanced practice nurse practitioner continues to expand. In the contemporary period, some of the more prominent of the roles performed by the advanced practice nurse practitioner are as follows: the role of the nurse practitioner as a care provider; the role of the nurse practitioner as a manager; the role of the nurse practitioner as a patient health educator; the role of the nurse practitioner as a consultant; the role of the nurse practitioner as a researcher; and the role of the nurse practitioner in relation to psychiatric and metal health nursing."
Abstract Cites need for study re: biochemical mechanisms involved in CFS. Contends research is lacking in identifying the mechanisms that cause CFS. Extensive literature review covers severe & disabling fatigue & impact on daily functioning. Discusses symptoms of condition including sleep disturbances, pain, short-term memory loss, depression. Possible causes & characterizations of CFS. Conceptual framework. Research questions. Hypotheses. Research procedures & data analysis testing.
From the Paper "Introduction
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a clinically defined condition which is characterized by severe and disabling fatigue. This fatigue is accompanied by a combination of symptoms that typically include self-reported impairments in concentration and short-term memory, sleep disturbances, and musculoskeletal pain (Evengard, Schacterle & Komaroff, 1999; Wilson, Hickie, Lloyd & Wakefield, 1996).
CFS prevalence rates in the United States are estimated at a minimum of 4 to 10 cases per 100,000 adults 18 years of age or older (Fukuda & Gantz, 1995). In one U.S. study (Evengard et al., 1999), the prevalence among medical patients was found to be about 1%. A several-fold higher prevalence rate of self-reported..."
Abstract The paper shows that the field of pediatric nursing is a particularly large one in which its members may find themselves having to counsel both young patients and their families suffering from a myriad of diseases. Cystic fibrosis (CF), in particular, is a debilitating disease that strikes many young people. The paper discusses how, in the first years following its discovery, many children could not expect to make it to their teen years. Today, with advances in the management and care of this disease, patients are living into their 40s and it is even possible that there will one day be a cure. This paper will look at CF from a historical perspective. The timeline of its discovery and research are briefly presented, as are a few of the significant "milestones" in the history of the treatment of CF and what these mean for people battling this disease.
From the Paper "Perhaps the most exciting advent in the history of the treatment of CF, as well as the most controversial, is the use of gene therapy. The idea behind gene therapy is to treat an illness by addressing and correcting its genetic cause. With the identification of the gene that actually causes CF, noting that it is a defect of sorts in the gene that causes the disease, it was only a matter of time before gene therapy was applied to CF. In 2000, an advanced experiment was performed in North Carolina. The idea was to give patients currently suffering from CF a healthy gene and hope that it will fix what is wrong with the unhealthy gene, even replace it, thereby curing the patient. Results and future applications of this procedure remain to be seen."
Abstract The paper looks at a personal and informal account of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and of fibromyalgia (FM). The paper discusses how CFS and FM are similar conditions since both involve pain and fatigue and also result in misunderstanding from outsiders. The paper shows how the individual's account of her and her husband's illness agrees with the literature.
Outline:
Introduction
Discussion of CFS Critical Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper "Based on Zona's account, CFS means total exhaustion and complete lack of energy. She can accomplish just a little at a time and must be careful of her limits. She experiences many aches and pains as well as spasms which cause insomnia. She has numerous allergies especially to medications. Food also is a problem for allergies. She feels as though her brain is fogged and she is difficulties concentrating. She also has problems with vision and refocusing. Dry throat and acid burn are other problems. She does not experience the same set of symptoms each day. Sometimes her symptoms are similar to a panic attack."
Abstract This paper is a research proposal to assess the effects on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome patients of increases in the serum levels of C-1 esterace inhibitor within the context of the concept of complement dis-regulation. This paper states that Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is a clinically defined condition that is characterized by severe and disabling fatigue, but there is no validated diagnosis or treatment that will lead to a cure for CFS. The author will use Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Kohlman Evaluation of Living Skills (KELS) and The Fatigue Inventory as the psychological measurements.
From the Paper "Clinical anxiety is defined within the context of feelings experienced by a person. At one level, anxiety is defined as a feeling of mingled dread and apprehension about a person's future where no specific cause for such dread and apprehension is present. At another level, anxiety is defined as a chronic feeling of fear by a person. This feeling may be mild in intensity or the feeling fear may be overwhelming for the person so affected. Anxiety also may be a secondary drive involving an acquired avoidance response. In this latter context, when in the presence of the conditioning stimulus, a person will display behavior that may be interpreted as evidence of the presence of anxiety. "
Abstract This research paper discusses the anatomy and physiology of the cystic fibrosis (CF). The paper discusses the imaging modalities and the unique tool represented in the MRI, as well as its drawbacks. The paper also discusses the drawbacks of the other imaging modalities and the future of imaging technology in the diagnosis and treatments of CF. The paper contains figures.
Table of Contents:
Literature Review
Chapter One
Diagnosis and the Anatomy and Physiology of a Life Threatening Disease: Cystic Fibrosis
What Science Looks For
A Complex Physiology
Chapter Two
Computerized, Tomography as a Tool in Treatment Approach for Cystic Fibrosis
Chapter Three
MRI and Cystic Fibrosis
Chapter Four
The Drawbacks of Modern Technology
Chapter Five
Discussion and Conclusion
From the Paper "Genetic research today, more than anything else, is probably the most aggressive and advanced it has ever been before. It raises ethical and social issues in many circles, and those issues deserve debate and there is a need to ensure ethical practices when words like "cloning" and human genetic engineering are being used (Howie, 2002, p. 139). However, these ongoing discussions of ethics should not prohibit or bring to an end research that is going to ease the pain and suffering of children and young adults, and improve their quality of life and longevity with less pain."
Abstract This paper examines chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) its diagnosis, and the ways in which healthcare providers are learning to better manage its symptoms. The paper gives a brief history of the disease, citing when it was first noted as a condition. Today's definition of CFS is also given. The author then suggests various causes of the condition, although there are no definitive answers. The various treatment options are presented, although this is also controversial. The paper includes a review of several recent studies on CFS. The author concludes that CFS will continue to present challenges to both healthcare providers and sufferers since the disease is one example of the large range of medically unexplained syndromes today.
From the Paper "Today, CDC defines the illness as: "a debilitating and complex disorder characterized by profound fatigue that is not improved by bed rest and that may be worsened by physical or mental activity." Individuals having CFS most often function at a substantially lower level of activity than capable of prior to the illness. In addition to these key defining characteristics, patients also report a number of nonspecific symptoms, such as weakness, muscle pain, impaired memory and/or mental concentration, insomnia, and post-exertional fatigue lasting more than 24 hours. Mental health professionals also recognize that CFS often relates to depression. In some cases, CFS can persist for years (CDC, 2006). "
Abstract This paper discusses the hereditary lung disease, cystic fibrosis (CF). The paper presents statistics of those suffering from CF in the United States. The cause, symptoms and diagnosis of the disease are examined. The paper explores the prognosis for CF patients and analyzes the available treatments. The paper contends that although much progress has been made in recent years in terms of diagnosis, treatment, quality of life, as well as average life spans, there is clearly much more to be done.
Outline
Introduction: What is Cystic Fibrosis?
Incidence and Etiology
Pathology and Pathophysiology
Signs, Symptoms and Complications
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Clinical Trials and Studies
Hidden Benefits
Conclusion
From the Paper "Cystic fibrosis is a serious genetically inherited disease that is estimated to affect around 30,000 children and adults in the United States alone (CFF, 2005). In this disease, a defective gene causes parts of the body to produce abnormal sticky, thick mucus. This abnormal mucus causes the lungs to become clogged, and can also lead to serious lung infections that can be fatal (2005). In addition to the negative effect on lung function, the thick mucus also causes an obstructive barrier to the pancreas which results in the patient having difficulty with food digestion as well as nutrient absorption. Cystic Fibrosis can cause complications leading to early mortality (the average age of the Cystic Fibrosis patient today is 30). Yet advances in treatment have steadily increased life the life expectancy of people suffering from this disease."
Abstract This paper examines the disorder of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). It particularly emphasizes disease management. The paper reviews the disorder, symptoms and prognosis. It then provides a more detailed examination of the problematic aspects in managing day-to-day activities, such as work, family and social obligations, due to the illness. The paper looks at how patient lifestyle modifications and adaptive measures can influence the outcome of CFS.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Managing the Disorder
From the Paper "CFS is a complex and demanding disorder that significantly alters one's lifestyle and affects more than just the patient. Comprehensive understanding of the disorder and how each patient is affected are essential in order to help the patient manage their disorder effectively and avoid further depressive, frustration and anger based emotional complications that normally plague an individual with a chronic disorder. For the patient with CFS, such a reaction creates a negative cyclical spiral. A positive approach and helping the patient to accept their situation, focusing on what they can do rather than on their limitations will promote a sense of well-being rather than disability."
Abstract This paper discusses nursing management of cystic fibrosis (CF). It begins by describing the pathophysiology of the disease and the risk factors associated with it. The paper then looks at complications that may arise with the disease and possible treatment options that are available. Finally, the paper discusses the overall nursing management of CF.
From the Paper "Some of the many complications that may arise in CF patients are pulmonary in nature. Apart from pneumonia, a host of pulmonary complications such as atelectasis, pneumothorax, hemoptysis, allergic aspergillosis, hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, acute respiratory failure and chronic respiratory failure may result during the natural history of CF (Boat, 1998). Salt depletion can also occur in CF patients, particularly during warm weather and activity where sweat is excessively excreted. Gastrointestinal complications, including those of the hepatobiliary tree include intestinal obstruction, liver disease, pancreatitis and hyperglycemia may also occur and are treated accordingly."
Abstract This paper deals with the two different kinds of sonar techniques employed by bats throughout the world. The author further discusses bats that don?t use echolocation at all. The author then examines the conflicting studies that have been done on this biological phenomenon and explains how the process works.
From the Paper "Burton (1982) states that the majority of the Microchiroptera utilize FM based echolocation. In this type of echolocation the pulses of sound, or calls, last no longer than a few thousandths of a second and drop through nearly an octave. The few species that do not use FM echolocation utilize the CF based echolocation. With CF echolocation the calls last up to ten times longer than those of the bats that use the FM method, explains Burton. "
Abstract Friedrich Engels assumes an historical materialist mode of analysis to reveal the fundamental contradiction at the heart of capitalism and the social and economic conflicts that stem from this contradiction. This paper will demonstrate how Engels (following Marx) considered that this contradiction would inevitably foster antagonism between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. Unbridled competition would, almost paradoxically, lead to monopoly (cf. Microsoft, Air Canada). The resulting crisis would reveal the incapacity of capitalists to manage modern productive forces, leading to proletarian revolution.
Abstract This paper begins by explaining that cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease, which is caused by the mutation of the gene called 'cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR). The paper shows how recent studies have brought about improvements in the life expectancy of CF sufferers, and there are hopes, through gene therapy of improving it even further.
Contents
Introduction
Definition of Term
Protein Influence
Diagnosis
Treatment
Conclusion
From the Paper "Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease which cannot be prevented. When CFTR protein in cells that line passageways of the lungs, pancreas, colon, and genitourinary tract are abnormal, two problems result: blockage of the movement of chloride ions and secretion of abnormal levels of mucus. These problems are caused by a mutation of the CFTR, which is called deltaF508 CFTR. This mutation ?. . . accounts for 70-80 percent of all CF cases. Various other mutations . . . seem to be the cause of other CF cases? (CaringParents.org., 2003, 1). This could mean that there are other, undetected as yet, causes for cystic fibrosis."
An examination of current Australian refugee policy and how historical laws and moral imperatives have paved the way for strict and, some could argue, inhumane refugee laws.
Abstract This paper examines how Australia's often controversial refugee policy can be seen to reflect certain philosophies that determine who is allowed to enter Australia and who is not. It discusses the four main philosophies behind the policy: residualism; selectivity and targeting; "deserving" and "undeserving"; and blaming the victim (cf. structuralism). It also provides an examination of the current refugee laws, including current quotes from leading Australian politicians regarding refugees and Australian law.
Outline
Under the Big Top: Residualism, a "Safety Net", the "Ladder of Opportunity" and One White Monkey
A Volunteer From the Audience Please!: The Politics of Selectivity
Admission Prices: Who Gets In and What Your Ticket Gives You
Eeny Meaney Miney Mo: The Deserving Desirables of a Humanitarian Program
Beggars and Hecklers: The Price of Absent Security
Crowd Control: Moderating the Masses
Memoirs of a Mime: The Day the Crowd Fell Silent
Conclusion
From the Paper "The first philosophy regarding welfare in Australia is undoubtedly the concept of residualism versus universalism, as this addresses from the very beginning whether welfare will be targeted only at individuals in need, as in the residualist model, or whether every citizen will be universally provided for regardless of income or standing. Historically, Australia has largely been a residual welfare state in accordance with its tendency to political conservatism emphasising individual self-reliance. Residualist welfare developed in Australia around the presumption of full employment; wage levels were guaranteed by the Harvester judgement relegating government welfare to the status of a "safety net" for those men who experienced temporary unemployment. The key concept behind this residualist support for unemployed men however was the assumption of limited welfare; it was only intended as a safety net for short periods of time, to ?break the fall towards destitution and sustain a man and his family while they help him climb the ladder of opportunity again.?"
