Abstract
The paper reveals that in spite of the overall success rates and avoidance of prenatal factors that decrease Cesarean section success, the minority that have unsuccessful operative deliveries require close support. The paper argues that the practice of Cesarean section with a care-oriented approach is still cost-effective and adequately supported by numerous, institutions and should still be offered as an alternative nonetheless.

From the Paper
"Cesarean sections are classified as operative deliveries that are performed either electively or in emergent situations that threaten expectant mother, child or both. Cesarean sections obviate the need for strict procedures both in the operating theater, with proper preoperative and postoperative preparation and care given. The population that has undergone cesarean sections worldwide varies. The most number of procedures done were in private hospitals in some countries in Latin America, which surpasses 50 percent of total births (Dodd & Crowther, 2006). In other countries, the percentage of cesarean births varies from..."

Tags:nursing, cesarean, section

Abstract
The paper reveals that in spite of the overall success rates and avoidance of circumstances which decrease VBAC success, the minority that have unsuccessful vaginal deliveries can suffer catastrophic consequences. The paper explains that this, coupled with lower quality clinical evidence, has led to ambivalence regarding the offering of VBACs as an option alongside repeat cesarean sections in women. The paper relates that the practice of VBAC is still adequately supported by numerous, albeit lower-tier evidence and should still be offered as an alternative to cesarean section.

From the Paper
"Vaginal birth after cesarean section (VBAC) is the delivery of a neonate through the vaginal canal in a mother with a previous history of an operative delivery. The operative delivery excludes operative vaginal deliveries by forceps and pertains exclusively to operative abdominal deliveries. The population that has undergone cesarean sections worldwide varies. The most number of procedures done were in private hospitals in some countries in Latin America, which surpasses 50 percent of total births (Dodd & Crowther, 2006). In other countries, the percentage of..."

Tags:nursing, vbac, practice

Abstract
The paper reveals that there are several short-term and long-term ailments associated with cesarean deliveries for mothers. This study proposes a semi-structured interview to examine whether physicians have sufficient knowledge about the process to minimize the impact of post-surgery ailments related to unplanned cesarean deliveries. The paper also explores whether physicians across different hospitals adopt identical procedures to minimize this impact. This includes short-term risks, long-term risks and risks to future pregnancies.

Outline:
Introduction
Problem Statement
Purpose of this Study
Definition of Key Concepts
Literature Review
Dependent Variables
Independent Variables
Hypotheses or Research Questions
Research Method
Research Design
Participants
Recruitment Strategy
Sampling Frame
Method of Selecting the Sample Elements
Data Collection
Trustworthiness (Credibility and rigor) of Results
Delimitations
Ethical Issues
Data Analysis
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Unplanned cesarean deliveries can take place when induced and/or continued labor may turn out to be harmful for either the mother or the child or both. Doctors prefer unplanned cesarean deliveries when the child fails to make a movement towards the birth channel; or when the cervix fails to open up; or when the child's heart rate is abnormal and it is assumed that the child can no longer deal with continued labor; or when prolapsed cord slides through the cervix which endangers child's oxygen supply; or when placental abruption takes place and sufficient oxygen cannot be delivered; or when the water breaks; or when the genital herpes erupts."

Tags:risks, dangers, procedures, birth, mortality

Abstract
In this article the writer reviews the scholarly article, "Maternal Mortality and Severe Morbidity Associated with Low-risk Planned Cesarean Delivery versus Planned Vaginal Delivery at Term", about the relative dangers of cesarean section versus vaginal delivery for women. The paper looks at the purpose of the study and summarizes the results. The writer then describes its strengths and weaknesses and outlines how such findings should be utilized in the future. In addition, two key questions that should guide future investigation are enumerated.

Outline:
Abstract
Purpose of the study
Results of the study
Strengths of the study
Weaknesses of the study
How to use these findings in practice
Two questions for future research

From the Paper
"The strengths of the study lie in the fact that few studies this writer has reviewed have been more comprehensive. To wit, the planned cesarean group comprised 46,766 women; for the planned vaginal delivery group, the figure was 2,292,420. Every bit as importantly, the study is longitudinal in nature. Specifically, the study encompasses a 14-year period - a length of time seemingly sufficient to ensure that curious aberrations or anomalies in particular years did not cause fundamental distortions in the findings of the study. Additionally, to ensure the validity of the data findings, the researchers employed adjusted odds ratio and confidence intervals; as well, the authors used multivariate analysis to control for "confounding variables" such as age, year of delivery, and elderly primigravidity - among other factors."

Tags:hospital, risk, pregnancy, weight

Abstract
This paper examines some of the advantages and disadvantages associated with giving birth vaginally after having previously delivered by a Cesarean (VBAC). The paper looks at why doctors try to avoid them, but also gives support from the literature for their safety and success. The paper further discusses contraindications and the major problem which is uterine rupture following prior C-section. It points out that uterine rupture is usually due to Pitocin use, and that VBACs have a 98 percent success rate.

From the Paper
"Vaginal Birth After Cesarean (VBAC) is becoming increasingly popular and the medical profession has tried somewhat to discourage it because of the risk of uterine rupture. While postpartum fever seemed to correlate with uterine rupture at VBAC in a recent study there was no relationship between single or double..."

Tags:Vaginal Birth After Caesarean (VBAC), VBA2C, VBA2+C, VBA3+C

Abstract
This paper discusses the controversy over VBAC (vaginal birth after Cesarean). The paper reviews research on the issue and presents the benefits and risks of both sides of the issue. The paper concludes with a summary that includes the author's personal view about the issue.

Tags:VBAC, Cesarean

Abstract
This paper discusses that decisions made around pregnancy can affect the child's future in many ways. The paper outlines the problems surrounding smoking and Cesarean Sections. The author concludes that to ensure that both the mother and baby are healthy throughout the pregnancy, women need to get regular medical checkups, eat healthily, exercise and refrain from alcohol, drugs or smoking.

From the Paper
"Babies also have risks if the mother undergoes a C-Section. First, if the due date is not accurately calculated, the baby could be delivered too early. Next, babies born by cesarean are more likely to develop breathing problems such as transient tachypnea (abnormally fast breathing during the first few days after birth). Third, babies born by cesarean sometimes have low Apgar scores. While the low score may be an effect of the anesthesia and C-Section, the baby may have been in distress to begin with or was not stimulated as he or she would have been by vaginal birth."

Tags:decisions, child, medical, checkups, eat, exercise, alcohol, drugs, smoking

Tags:birth, caesar, c-section, child, doctor, labor, baby, surgery

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that gestational diabetes affects only a very small percentage of all pregnant mothers. The writer further notes that pregnancy-induced hypertension is found in about the same proportion of pregnant mothers as is gestational diabetes. The writer points out that weight gain during pregnancy predicts very high risk for gestational diabetes, along with other problems such as pregnancy-induced hypertension, Cesarean section and stillbirth. The writer provides a literature review and discusses whether there is a link between gestational diabetes and pregnancy-induced hypertension so that they can be treated together. The writer maintains that the treatment of women with gestational diabetes, along with health teaching, which involves dietary advice, blood glucose monitoring, and insulin therapy, results in a reduction of serious perinatal outcomes such as death or bone fracture. Other benefits include improved health-related quality of life among women with gestational diabetes, both during the antenatal period and three months after birth, as well as a possible reduction in the incidence of postnatal depression.

Outline:
Introduction
Background
Literature Review
Analysis

From the Paper
"Haakova and Cibula found in their retrospective study with data obtained from medical records that women who have polycystic ovary syndrome, which is a common endocrine disorder, that there are no important differences in the prevalence of gestational diabetes or of pregnancy-induced hypertension. Even though the two groups in the study were matched for age, weight, family history, and patient history, both gestational diabetes and hypertension were similar for those groups. However, as these researchers note, a high incidence of pregnancy induced hypertension has been found in several other studies of women with polycystic ovary syndrome, so that there may be a link between hyperinsulinaemia and hypertension during pregnancy.
"Lifestyle interventions also constitute the primary treatment for gestational diabetes."

Tags:weight, glucose, patients, birth

Abstract
Childbirth is a culturally-mediated event, and this essay reflects this view. The paper includes a discussion of how ritual is significant to every society and how it varies. It shows a number of inherent differences in the ritual of childbirth between the two cultures, as well as some striking comparisons. Both women and their experiences serve as case studies in each culture. The paper discusses how these women relate to issues such as pain relief, support structures during and after birth - particularly the role of the husband/partner, surgical interventions such as Cesarean section, the importance of postnatal care and differences in emotional expression during birth.

From the Paper
"The experience of childbirth in any culture is a time of great anticipation and encompasses many different emotions, but is never simply a biological act. Childbirth in every culture around the world has been socially marked and shaped and there are quite marked differences in the ritual of childbirth from country to country. "The concept of "natural fertility" and "natural childbirth" are cultural constructs. Our lives are lived in socially independent groups guided by cultural rules." (MacCormack, 1982, p.2) Amongst other things, the ritual of childbirth may differ in where the birth occurred in the hospital or at home, the support structures provided or pain relief, and be influenced by cultural, traditional or religious beliefs. Scheper-Hughes (1987, in Davis-Floyd, 1997) and others put forward the argument that without culture, we would not have emotions, or at the very least be unable to interpret them. As such, culture is a very important factor in the analysis of the ritual of childbirth and emotion. Brigitte Jordan (1979), who many believe to be the mother of the study of childbirth, described birth as a "culturally grounded, bio-socially mediated, and interactionally achieved event." "

Tags:antenatal, anthropology, australia, babies, birth, caesarean, childbearing