Abstract
The paper notes that cervical cancer is the most common reproductive system cancer in females aged 15 to 34 and the second most prevalent cancer in women worldwide, although cervical cancer is most often found in middle aged women. The paper discusses that developed countries have regular cancer screening and therefore benefit from prevention and early detection, resulting in better prognosis and survival rates. The paper further discusses risk factors and also various treatments for cervical cancer.

Outline:
Anatomy of the Cervix and Physiology
Epidemiology and Signs/Symptoms
Treatment and Management

From the Paper
"Post-operative management of patients with cervical cancer at these stages is targeted at eliminating the recurrence of a neoplasm and occult involvement of the lymph nodes. Risks of such incidences are evaluated pathologically at the time of surgery. Adjuvant pelvic beam external radiotherapy improves cancer-free survival in intermediate risk cases (where there is moderate tumor invasion to the lymphovascular space or one third of the cervical stroma). Meanwhile, patients with an assessed high risk of recurrence should have adjuvant pelvic beam external radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy."

Tags:localized, radiotherapy, lymphovascular, space, cervical, screening

Abstract
The paper reveals that cancer of the throat can be caused by a virus or by lifestyle habits such as a long history of smoking or excessive alcohol intake. The paper relates that when a virus is involved, the prevalence is much higher for women whose cancer develops because of an infection with papillomavirus (HPV), which is the same virus that causes cancer of the cervix (American Cancer Society, 2007). The paper points out that when throat cancer is not caused by smoking and alcohol, the prognosis is good with radiation therapy, and the likelihood of the cancer returning and leading to death is reduced for patients whose cancer originates with a virus (American Cancer Society, 2007).

From the Paper
"Cancer of the throat can be caused by a virus or by lifestyle habits such as a long history of smoking or excessive alcohol intake. When a virus is involved, the prevalence is much higher for women whose cancer develops because of an infection with papillomavirus (HPV), which is the same virus that causes cancer of the cervix (American Cancer Society, 2007). When throat cancer is not caused by smoking and alcohol, the prognosis is good with radiation therapy. The likelihood of the cancer returning and leading to death is reduced for patients whose cancer originates with a virus (American Cancer Society, 2007)."

Tags:cancer, assistive, devices

Abstract
This paper discusses how HPV causes genital warts, but can also cause changes to the cells to the cervix, leading to cervical cancer. The paper looks at the treatments available for genital warts and relates that since there are risks that cervical cancer will develop, pharmaceutical giants are beginning to take more notice of solutions to prevent HPV infection.

From the Paper
"The human papilloma virus (HPV) are a group of more than 70 different types of viruses. HPV is mostly commonly known as a sexually transmitted disease is mostly transmitted through sexual intercourse. Some of the HPV viruses can cause genital warts, although even more serious HPVs have been associated with causing cervical cancer. The people actually affected by HPV are carriers for life and are most often sexually active young women. At least one of out of every three sexually active young women have had a genital HPV infection. The problem with HPV is its ease of transmission, any sexually active person, no matter race, gender or sexual orientation, can get HPV. Newborn babies of mothers with HPV can become infected as well because of the vaginal delivery stage."

Tags:cervical, cancer, genital, warts

Abstract
This paper consists of a table containing information on the treatment, diagnosis, pathogenesis, immunity, and epidemiology of human papilloma virus, or HPV.

From the Paper
"There are two varieties of the virus; the lower-risk genital-wart-causing form which does not lead to cancer, and the higher-risk cancer-causing form which can cause various types of genital cancer. Most genital warts or genital condylomata are caused by HPV or HPV infection. HPV types that rarely incorporate their genetic material into the host DNA, these are the low-risk form of HPV. However, HPV ... and HPV ... are the high-risk..."

Tags:human papilloma virus, HPV, genital warts, condylomata, cancer, anus, cervix, penis, vaginal, treatment, diagnosis, pathogenesis, immunity, epidemiology

Abstract
In this paper, the writer makes the argument that abortion cannot be justified under any circumstances, as it is not only immoral, but also associated with a number of complications which are too often minimized. The paper includes a table of state laws in the US regarding abortion.

Outline:
Moral Issues of Abortion
Stillbirth versus Abortion
Complications of Abortion and Conclusions
Statistics

From the Paper
"Studies that directly examine the effects of these laws on sexual behavior and contraception use, find there is no significant reduction in sexual activity, or significantly show an increase in contraception use. Studies that use STD prevalence rates at state levels find no significant associations between STD rates and no public funding or parental involvement as a proxy for prevalence of risky sexual behavior. It appears that while the presence of abortion restrictions reduces the incidence of abortion, it has not led to substantial changes in sexual behavior or precautions against (unwanted) pregnancies."

Tags:opinion, killing, cervix, muscles, contraception

Abstract
This paper takes a close look at cervical cancer including its causes and symptoms. It also examines the role of Human Papillomavirus in inducing cervical cancer. It then proceeds to study the use of inoculated C57BL/6 murine model to study disease in woman. The treatment is analyzed for its accuracy and efficiency.

From the Paper
"In order to fully understand the genetic link between HPV and high risk for cervical cancer, one must closely examine the mechanism by which HPV induces cervical cancer. HPV is in a class of viruses known as adenoviruses, that is, viruses that invade a host and make some permanent change to the DNA of the infected host cells. In the cases of HPV-16 and HPV-18, the virus produces the oncoproteins E6 and E7, which interact specifically with human cellular components p53 and retinoblastma, respectively. The role of p53 in human cells is to guard DNA repair processes and ensure chromosomal stability, and the degradation of p53 leads directly to mutational changes and ultimately to the immortalization of human cells. The gene controlling transcription of p53 in humans is polymorphic at amino acid 72, containing either a proline or arginine residue at this position (4). The HPV E6 protein degrades p53, thereby inducing cervical cancer. Furthermore, it has been shown that the arginine form of p53 is more easily degraded than the proline form, because E6 can bind more effectively to the arginine form of p53 (6). Consequently, individuals with the arginine variation at amino acid 72 would be much more likely to develop cervical cancer. Because the specific polymorphic combination is conserved between generations, the greater affinity of E6 for p53 would explain the genetic risk factor involved in the progression from HPV infection to full-blown invasive cervical cancer."

Tags:cancer, cervix, human, immunology, models, mouse, murine, papillomavirus, research

Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses cervical cancer. The paper examines the disease, the symptoms, the treatments and the prognosis those suffering from cervical cancer.

Outline:
Introduction
What is it
Risk Factors
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Risk factors for this type of cancer include having genital warts, beginning one's sex life at an early age, having multiple sex partners at a young age, smoking, and women with weakened immune systems such as women who have HIV or Hepatitis C(Cancer - cervix http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000893.htm).
World wide the incidence of cervical cancer is the third most common female cancer, though in the United States the rate is lower because of early detection through regular pap smears.
Since 1941 the death rate for cervical cancer has been reduced by 70 percent. There are approximately 12,000 United State women diagnosed with it each year."

Tags:curable, vagina, cervix, female