Abstract This paper takes a close look at cervical cancer including its causes and symptoms. It also examines the role of Human Papillomavirus in inducing cervical cancer. It then proceeds to study the use of inoculated C57BL/6 murine model to study disease in woman. The treatment is analyzed for its accuracy and efficiency.
From the Paper "In order to fully understand the genetic link between HPV and high risk for cervical cancer, one must closely examine the mechanism by which HPV induces cervical cancer. HPV is in a class of viruses known as adenoviruses, that is, viruses that invade a host and make some permanent change to the DNA of the infected host cells. In the cases of HPV-16 and HPV-18, the virus produces the oncoproteins E6 and E7, which interact specifically with human cellular components p53 and retinoblastma, respectively. The role of p53 in human cells is to guard DNA repair processes and ensure chromosomal stability, and the degradation of p53 leads directly to mutational changes and ultimately to the immortalization of human cells. The gene controlling transcription of p53 in humans is polymorphic at amino acid 72, containing either a proline or arginine residue at this position (4). The HPV E6 protein degrades p53, thereby inducing cervical cancer. Furthermore, it has been shown that the arginine form of p53 is more easily degraded than the proline form, because E6 can bind more effectively to the arginine form of p53 (6). Consequently, individuals with the arginine variation at amino acid 72 would be much more likely to develop cervical cancer. Because the specific polymorphic combination is conserved between generations, the greater affinity of E6 for p53 would explain the genetic risk factor involved in the progression from HPV infection to full-blown invasive cervical cancer."
Tags: cancer, cervix, human, immunology, models, mouse, murine, papillomavirus, research
Abstract This paper reviews and discusses cervical cancer. The paper examines the disease, the symptoms, the treatments and the prognosis those suffering from cervical cancer.
Outline:
Introduction
What is it
Risk Factors
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Conclusion
From the Paper "Risk factors for this type of cancer include having genital warts, beginning one's sex life at an early age, having multiple sex partners at a young age, smoking, and women with weakened immune systems such as women who have HIV or Hepatitis C(Cancer - cervix http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000893.htm).
World wide the incidence of cervical cancer is the third most common female cancer, though in the United States the rate is lower because of early detection through regular pap smears.
Since 1941 the death rate for cervical cancer has been reduced by 70 percent. There are approximately 12,000 United State women diagnosed with it each year."
Abstract In this paper, the writer makes the argument that abortion cannot be justified under any circumstances, as it is not only immoral, but also associated with a number of complications which are too often minimized. The paper includes a table of state laws in the US regarding abortion.
Outline:
Moral Issues of Abortion
Stillbirth versus Abortion
Complications of Abortion and Conclusions
Statistics
From the Paper "Studies that directly examine the effects of these laws on sexual behavior and contraception use, find there is no significant reduction in sexual activity, or significantly show an increase in contraception use. Studies that use STD prevalence rates at state levels find no significant associations between STD rates and no public funding or parental involvement as a proxy for prevalence of risky sexual behavior. It appears that while the presence of abortion restrictions reduces the incidence of abortion, it has not led to substantial changes in sexual behavior or precautions against (unwanted) pregnancies."
Abstract The paper notes that cervical cancer is the most common reproductive system cancer in females aged 15 to 34 and the second most prevalent cancer in women worldwide, although cervical cancer is most often found in middle aged women. The paper discusses that developed countries have regular cancer screening and therefore benefit from prevention and early detection, resulting in better prognosis and survival rates. The paper further discusses risk factors and also various treatments for cervical cancer.
Outline:
Anatomy of the Cervix and Physiology
Epidemiology and Signs/Symptoms
Treatment and Management
From the Paper "Post-operative management of patients with cervical cancer at these stages is targeted at eliminating the recurrence of a neoplasm and occult involvement of the lymph nodes. Risks of such incidences are evaluated pathologically at the time of surgery. Adjuvant pelvic beam external radiotherapy improves cancer-free survival in intermediate risk cases (where there is moderate tumor invasion to the lymphovascular space or one third of the cervical stroma). Meanwhile, patients with an assessed high risk of recurrence should have adjuvant pelvic beam external radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy."
