Abstract The paper notes that cervical cancer is the most common reproductive system cancer in females aged 15 to 34 and the second most prevalent cancer in women worldwide, although cervical cancer is most often found in middle aged women. The paper discusses that developed countries have regular cancer screening and therefore benefit from prevention and early detection, resulting in better prognosis and survival rates. The paper further discusses risk factors and also various treatments for cervical cancer.
Outline:
Anatomy of the Cervix and Physiology
Epidemiology and Signs/Symptoms
Treatment and Management
From the Paper "Post-operative management of patients with cervical cancer at these stages is targeted at eliminating the recurrence of a neoplasm and occult involvement of the lymph nodes. Risks of such incidences are evaluated pathologically at the time of surgery. Adjuvant pelvic beam external radiotherapy improves cancer-free survival in intermediate risk cases (where there is moderate tumor invasion to the lymphovascular space or one third of the cervical stroma). Meanwhile, patients with an assessed high risk of recurrence should have adjuvant pelvic beam external radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy."
Abstract This paper discusses the issue of cervical cancer. The paper contends that information about cervical cancer must be conveyed to women in order to get them to understand and act upon the importance of cervical cancer screening on an annual basis. The paper explains that no vaccines, technology or scientific breakthroughs can be effective if the target population is not aware of the potential risk and seeks medical attention for early detection, vaccine or treatment. Therefore, the paper claims that the most important service that public health officials can provide for at-risk women, is to make them aware of the problem, tell them where to go for medical screening and if possible, provide them with the necessary medical treatment if they are found to have the disease.
From the Paper "Cervical cancer is a very large public health problem. It is the third most prevalent gynecological cancer that especially threatens women who are over 30 years old and who have children (Grohs et al, 1994, p. 97). Cervical cancer is a problem for this target population, and as a result, illness in these females impacts the community because of their loss of work time, their inability to perform their occupations, and their inability to care for their families. The financial burden of cervical cancer also impacts the family, the community, and the United States as a whole because this disease is associated with high health costs. Poor women or those without insurance use tax dollars to finance their treatment via county hospitals, Medicare, or Medicaid. If there is no public health program that will give the a woman treatment, if she has no insurance, or if she cannot pay for her treatment, then it is most likely that she will die as a result of the advance of the disease. "
Abstract This paper takes a close look at cervical cancer including its causes and symptoms. It also examines the role of Human Papillomavirus in inducing cervical cancer. It then proceeds to study the use of inoculated C57BL/6 murine model to study disease in woman. The treatment is analyzed for its accuracy and efficiency.
From the Paper "In order to fully understand the genetic link between HPV and high risk for cervical cancer, one must closely examine the mechanism by which HPV induces cervical cancer. HPV is in a class of viruses known as adenoviruses, that is, viruses that invade a host and make some permanent change to the DNA of the infected host cells. In the cases of HPV-16 and HPV-18, the virus produces the oncoproteins E6 and E7, which interact specifically with human cellular components p53 and retinoblastma, respectively. The role of p53 in human cells is to guard DNA repair processes and ensure chromosomal stability, and the degradation of p53 leads directly to mutational changes and ultimately to the immortalization of human cells. The gene controlling transcription of p53 in humans is polymorphic at amino acid 72, containing either a proline or arginine residue at this position (4). The HPV E6 protein degrades p53, thereby inducing cervical cancer. Furthermore, it has been shown that the arginine form of p53 is more easily degraded than the proline form, because E6 can bind more effectively to the arginine form of p53 (6). Consequently, individuals with the arginine variation at amino acid 72 would be much more likely to develop cervical cancer. Because the specific polymorphic combination is conserved between generations, the greater affinity of E6 for p53 would explain the genetic risk factor involved in the progression from HPV infection to full-blown invasive cervical cancer."
Tags: cancer, cervix, human, immunology, models, mouse, murine, papillomavirus, research
Abstract This paper reviews and discusses cervical cancer. The paper examines the disease, the symptoms, the treatments and the prognosis those suffering from cervical cancer.
Outline:
Introduction
What is it
Risk Factors
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Conclusion
From the Paper "Risk factors for this type of cancer include having genital warts, beginning one's sex life at an early age, having multiple sex partners at a young age, smoking, and women with weakened immune systems such as women who have HIV or Hepatitis C(Cancer - cervix http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000893.htm).
World wide the incidence of cervical cancer is the third most common female cancer, though in the United States the rate is lower because of early detection through regular pap smears.
Since 1941 the death rate for cervical cancer has been reduced by 70 percent. There are approximately 12,000 United State women diagnosed with it each year."
Abstract The paper summarizes three articles on the topic of the human papilloma virus (HPV): "Quadrivalent HPV Recombinant Vaccine (Gardasil) for the Prevention of Cervical Cancer" by Angie L. Goeser, "The Effect of Prophylactic Human Papillomavirus L1 Virus-Like-Particle Vaccine on Risk of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Grade 2, Grade 3, and Adenocarcinoma in Situ: A Combined Analysis of four Randomized Clinical Trials" by S. Kjaer M. Lehtinen G. Perez and L. Villa and "Efficacy of a Quadrivalent Prophylactic Human Papillomavirus L1 Virus-Like-Particle Vaccine Against High-Grade Vulval and Vaginal Lesions: A Combined Analysis of Three Randomised Clinical Trials" by Mauricio Hernandez-Avila and Elmar A. Joura, Sepp Leodolter and Cosette M. Wheeler. The paper
discusses the articles' tremendous implications for health care and community health education. The paper then explains that cervical cancer is the second most common cause of cancer and resulting cancer death in women worldwide. The paper explains further that since the yearly Pap smear given to women cannot detect certain types of cancerous cells or lesions, the need for this type of vaccine to prevent HPV-related diseases is sorely needed.
Outline:
Three Literature Reviews:
Article One
Article Two
Article Three
Implications for Health Care and Community Health Education Based on the Studies' Conclusions
From the Paper "Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) has been "identified at a higher rate in the tissue of women diagnosed with cervical cancer than among nonaffected controls (citing Salmeron et al, 2003; Balmes, Ritz, & Tager, 2005, p. 245). The disease can cause pathologies including, but not limited to, pain during intercourse, chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancy, genital warts, and penile, anal, cervical, and vulvar carcinoma (Immerman & Mackey, 1997, p. 443; Lytwyn & Sellors, 1997, p. 113). The disease is believed to be sexually transmitted and is the "second most common cause of cancer and cancer death in women worldwide, with 80% of cases occurring in the developing world...95% of cancers of the uterine cervix are caused by certain types of human papillomaviruses" (citing Franco 1994; Lytwyn & Sellors, 1997, p. 113). Although Papanicolaou (Pap) tests have led to the decrease in mortality rates caused by cervical cancer, approximately 230,000 women per year die from the disease worldwide (Kjaer, Lehtinen, Perez, & Villa, et al, 2007, p. 1861)"
Abstract The paper relates that the human papillomavirus is responsible for a number of different conditions, including anal warts, genital warts, precervical cancer and cervical cancer. The paper explains the risk factors for genital warts, their symptoms and possible treatments. The paper then discusses the effectiveness of pap test screening which is the single most important tool for preventing cervical cancer.
From the Paper "Human papillomavirus is fairly common; everyone has heard of it. Most people know it as the sexually transmitted disease that causes genital warts and cervical cancer. Those people are correct; however, there is so much more to HPV than that. With over 100 types of HPV there is a huge number of possibilities as to what can be learned about HPV.
"These viruses are called papillomaviruses because of their ability to cause warts, or papillomas, which are benign tumors. HPV may also cause no symptoms. In the majority of cases, the virus is present silently in the skin and goes away spontaneously within three to six months. Unlike the Herpes simplex virus, HPV does not persist throughout one's lifetime after infection. The human papillomavirus is responsible for a number of different conditions, including anal warts, genital warts, precervical cancer, and cervical cancer."
Abstract The article by Chavez, McMullin, Mishra and Hubbell (2001) presents the results of a study conducted to investigate the research question: to what extent do cultural beliefs affect health behavior?
Abstract The paper explains that the human papilloma virus (HPV) is a viral infection that occurs in many different varieties; most are benign in terms of serious medical consequences except for two specific types that are responsible for the vast majority of cases of cervical cancer. The paper discusses the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment available. The paper reveals that a vaccine is available, but further study is warranted before its wide-scale use.
Outline:
Human Papilloma Virus Defined
Epidemiology
Etiology
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Future Treatments
Conclusion
From the Paper "Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) includes both non-sexually transmitted and sexually transmitted disease (STD) forms that comprises many individual viruses characterized by the development of non-cancerous wart-like tumors known as papillomas (Taylor, et al 2005). While initially benign, certain types of HPVs have been identified as high-risk precursors of deadly cancers, especially cervical cancers among women.
"Approximately one-third of the more than 100 known types of HPVs are capable of transmission through sexual contact. Many HPV infections never result in detectable symptoms but nevertheless are no known to constitute a serious risk factor in the later development of deadly cervical cancers, highlighting the importance of public education with the aim of prevention (CDC 2006)."
Abstract The paper relates that Bill H.R. 1132 addresses the screening of breast and cervical cancer, since detection is an essential predecessor to treatment. The paper explains how the Act seeks to guarantee that the money provided to states is properly spent on cancer screening, and also to ensure its proper population distribution. The paper also discusses how there are both proponents and detractors to the plan; however its overall goal and ideology is sound, in that it seeks to reduce the rate of mortality due to cancer. The primary component of the Act, which is the element of accountability, is examined as well.
Outline:
Context and Importance of Bill
Conclusion
From the Paper "The act was to amend Title XV of the Public Health Service Act (42 USC 300k et seq.). Primarily the act was established to amend the public health service act by providing waivers relating to grants for preventative health measures with respect to breast and cervical cancer. (USgov) The goals of reduced mortality rates due to breast cancer have had its deadline moved back to 2020, rather than 2000. The specifications of the waiver is that Secretary is given authority to waive requirements for awarding breast and cervical cancer grants that require 60% of grant funds to be spent on screening and referrals for medical treatments and no more than 40% to be spent on other activities for not more than five states."
Abstract This paper discuses how in today's world, when a patient is diagnosed with an ailment they can immediately access information through the Internet. It then goes on to explain however that this can sometimes be problematic as the information can often be misleading. The paper also reviews two websites on cervical cancer and explains why one of thesites is valid and the other is not.
Outline:
Cervical Cancer: Googling for facts
A Valid Site: The American Cancer Society
An Invalid Site: Dr. Day's nutritional supplement, metabolic diet, and prayer-based therapy
From the Paper "The American Cancer Society provides medically valid information about cancer, as well as information and statistics about various treatment, and various complications and side effects from the illness and conventional and alternative forms of treatment. It also explains risk and preventative measures that people who are worried about cancer can consider, when contemplating going for a screening. It establishes its credentials simply by the fact that its informative site is maintained by one of the most well-respected and well-known organizations devoted to cancer prevention, awareness, and support, and also because of its honesty about the difficulties incurred by some cancer therapies, such as the sterility frequently caused by radiation, and the fact that chemotherapy can trigger premature menopause."
From the Paper "Cervical cancer is a very large pubic health problem. It is the third most prevalent gynecological cancer that especially threatens women who are over 30 years old and who have children (Grohs et al, 1994, p. 97). Cervical cancer is a problem for this target population, and as a result, illness in these females impacts the community because of their loss of work time, their inability to perform their occupations, and their inability to care for their families. The financial burden of cervical cancer also impacts the family, the community, and the United States as a whole because this disease is associated with high health costs. Poor women or those without insurance use tax dollars to finance their treatment via county hospitals, Medicare, or Medicaid. If there is no public health program that will give the a woman treatment, if she has no insurance, or if she cannot pay for her treatment, then it is most likely that she will die as a result of the advance of the disease."
Abstract This paper discusses the advanced reproductive technologies that enable In Vitro Fertilization (IVF). The author describes the various possible reasons for infertility and indicates that IVF is a favorable solution to such problems. He further examines the advantages and disadvantages of IVF.
From the Paper "With only a 40 percent chance of survival, Lance Armstrong, a noted racer bicyclist, was determined that his name live on?not through newspaper clippings, magazine articles, nor even through awards earned at the Tour de France. Armstrong wanted a child. So, although he had been diagnosed with testicular cancer, he had the foresight to freeze some of his own sperm. Thanks to his planning, in October 1999?his wife gave birth to a healthy son. And Armstrong, having overcome the cancer, can enjoy a baby that would have possibly been only a pipe dream had his wife not been fertilized with her husband's sperm. (Shifting 78). Had his child been cloned, the likelihood of that child suffering cancer in his lifetime could have been avoided.
?By applying decades of expertise in IVF [in vitro fertilization], it's possible to make cloning as safe and efficient for people as are other reproductive technologies. ?Some IVF physicians already screen human embryos by plucking out one cell and checking it for specific mutations before placing the rest of the embryo in a woman's uterus.? (Travis 250)."
Abstract This paper analyzes the ongoing problem of sexually transmitted diseases in developing countries. The writer proposes the evaluation of the current situation and the planning of a program to deal with the problem. The writer also lists several evaluation questions and data collection methods.
From the Paper "Sexually transmitted diseases (STD?s) have been a problem for doctors worldwide and governments around the globe for many years. Pre-screening, diagnosis, and treatment programs are required to stop the spread of STDs. A host of sexually transmitted diseases have, unfortunately, exploded in large numbers in the continent of Africa. These STD's include the HIV virus and the HPV virus, or human papillomavirus. HPV causes cervical cancer, and the HIV virus causes AIDS (auto-immune deficiency syndrome)."
Abstract This paper examines the incidents of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) in developing countries. It discusses the types of illnesses HIV, HPV, AIDS and others. The paper looks at programs in the third world that provide medical care to these people. The author describes the preventive programs such as culturally-appropriate workshops, educational seminars, and other methods of spreading health education that are needed to ensure that residents of developing countries know how to prevent, manage and treat sexually transmitted diseases.
From the Paper "Sexually transmitted diseases (STD?s) have been a problem for doctors worldwide and governments around the globe for many years. Pre-screening, diagnosis, and treatment programs are required to stop the spread of STDs.
"A host of sexually transmitted diseases have, unfortunately, exploded in large numbers in the continent of Africa. These STD's include the HIV virus and the HPV virus, or human papillomavirus. HPV causes cervical cancer, and the HIV virus causes AIDS (auto-immune deficiency syndrome)."
Examines why women fail to take part in cancer screening & recommendations to increase numbers. Fear, ethnic issues, education, fatalism, embarrassment, costs, age and family are all issues discussed.
4,050 words (approx. 16.2 pages), 17 sources, 1997, $ 135.95
From the Paper " FEAR AND SCREENING FOR CERVICAL CANCER: A REVIEW OF THE
LITERATURE
Introduction
The importance of screening in conditions of cervical cancer cannot be overestimated; this because improvements in women's cancer-screening behaviors can lead to a reduction in the incidence of cervical cancer. Indeed, Chamberlain (1983) reports that the very purpose of cancer screening is to detect and treat the disease at an early stage when it is still curable. The benefits of cancer screening are improved prognosis for some cases detected by screening, less radical treatment to cure some early cases, reassurance for those with negative test results, and resource savings from less radical treatment.
However, in order to elevate screening participation, it is.."
