Abstract
The paper notes that cervical cancer is the most common reproductive system cancer in females aged 15 to 34 and the second most prevalent cancer in women worldwide, although cervical cancer is most often found in middle aged women. The paper discusses that developed countries have regular cancer screening and therefore benefit from prevention and early detection, resulting in better prognosis and survival rates. The paper further discusses risk factors and also various treatments for cervical cancer.

Outline:
Anatomy of the Cervix and Physiology
Epidemiology and Signs/Symptoms
Treatment and Management

From the Paper
"Post-operative management of patients with cervical cancer at these stages is targeted at eliminating the recurrence of a neoplasm and occult involvement of the lymph nodes. Risks of such incidences are evaluated pathologically at the time of surgery. Adjuvant pelvic beam external radiotherapy improves cancer-free survival in intermediate risk cases (where there is moderate tumor invasion to the lymphovascular space or one third of the cervical stroma). Meanwhile, patients with an assessed high risk of recurrence should have adjuvant pelvic beam external radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy."

Tags:localized, radiotherapy, lymphovascular, space, cervical, screening

Abstract
The paper relates that the most common type of cervical cancer is squamous cervical cancer; another is adenocarcinoma1 cancer. The paper looks at how Lippman and Meblnychuk (2007) point out that cervical cancer is marked by a gradual progressive course which can be arrested at several stages. The paper notes that while cervical cancer is not an epidemic in Canada, it is the 13th most common cause of all cancer-related deaths.

From the Paper
"The most common type of cervical cancer is squamous cervical cancer; another is adenocarcinoma1 cancer. Lippman and Meblnychuk (2007) point out that cervical cancer is marked by a gradual progressive course which can be arrested at several stages. Cervical cancer is not an epidemic in Canada, but it is the 13th most common cause of all cancer-related deaths (van Zyl & Wooltorton, 2007). Cervical cancer is epidemic in certain parts of the world and complicated with other conditions such as HIV. Present rates of mortality from..."

Tags:cancer, incidence, prevalence

Abstract
This paper discusses the issue of cervical cancer. The paper contends that information about cervical cancer must be conveyed to women in order to get them to understand and act upon the importance of cervical cancer screening on an annual basis. The paper explains that no vaccines, technology or scientific breakthroughs can be effective if the target population is not aware of the potential risk and seeks medical attention for early detection, vaccine or treatment. Therefore, the paper claims that the most important service that public health officials can provide for at-risk women, is to make them aware of the problem, tell them where to go for medical screening and if possible, provide them with the necessary medical treatment if they are found to have the disease.

From the Paper
"Cervical cancer is a very large public health problem. It is the third most prevalent gynecological cancer that especially threatens women who are over 30 years old and who have children (Grohs et al, 1994, p. 97). Cervical cancer is a problem for this target population, and as a result, illness in these females impacts the community because of their loss of work time, their inability to perform their occupations, and their inability to care for their families. The financial burden of cervical cancer also impacts the family, the community, and the United States as a whole because this disease is associated with high health costs. Poor women or those without insurance use tax dollars to finance their treatment via county hospitals, Medicare, or Medicaid. If there is no public health program that will give the a woman treatment, if she has no insurance, or if she cannot pay for her treatment, then it is most likely that she will die as a result of the advance of the disease. "

Tags:gynecological, female, uterus

Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses cervical cancer. The paper examines the disease, the symptoms, the treatments and the prognosis those suffering from cervical cancer.

Outline:
Introduction
What is it
Risk Factors
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Risk factors for this type of cancer include having genital warts, beginning one's sex life at an early age, having multiple sex partners at a young age, smoking, and women with weakened immune systems such as women who have HIV or Hepatitis C(Cancer - cervix http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000893.htm).
World wide the incidence of cervical cancer is the third most common female cancer, though in the United States the rate is lower because of early detection through regular pap smears.
Since 1941 the death rate for cervical cancer has been reduced by 70 percent. There are approximately 12,000 United State women diagnosed with it each year."

Tags:curable, vagina, cervix, female

Abstract
This paper takes a close look at cervical cancer including its causes and symptoms. It also examines the role of Human Papillomavirus in inducing cervical cancer. It then proceeds to study the use of inoculated C57BL/6 murine model to study disease in woman. The treatment is analyzed for its accuracy and efficiency.

From the Paper
"In order to fully understand the genetic link between HPV and high risk for cervical cancer, one must closely examine the mechanism by which HPV induces cervical cancer. HPV is in a class of viruses known as adenoviruses, that is, viruses that invade a host and make some permanent change to the DNA of the infected host cells. In the cases of HPV-16 and HPV-18, the virus produces the oncoproteins E6 and E7, which interact specifically with human cellular components p53 and retinoblastma, respectively. The role of p53 in human cells is to guard DNA repair processes and ensure chromosomal stability, and the degradation of p53 leads directly to mutational changes and ultimately to the immortalization of human cells. The gene controlling transcription of p53 in humans is polymorphic at amino acid 72, containing either a proline or arginine residue at this position (4). The HPV E6 protein degrades p53, thereby inducing cervical cancer. Furthermore, it has been shown that the arginine form of p53 is more easily degraded than the proline form, because E6 can bind more effectively to the arginine form of p53 (6). Consequently, individuals with the arginine variation at amino acid 72 would be much more likely to develop cervical cancer. Because the specific polymorphic combination is conserved between generations, the greater affinity of E6 for p53 would explain the genetic risk factor involved in the progression from HPV infection to full-blown invasive cervical cancer."

Tags:cancer, cervix, human, immunology, models, mouse, murine, papillomavirus, research

Abstract
The article by Chavez, McMullin, Mishra and Hubbell (2001) presents the results of a study conducted to investigate the research question: to what extent do cultural beliefs affect health behavior?

Tags:cervical, cancer, screening

From the Paper
"CERVICAL SPINE DYSFUNCTION
Introduction
This research examines the phenomenon of cervical spine dysfunction. The anatomy of the spine and the biomechanics of movement are reviewed before the dysfunction of the cervical spine and physiotherapeutic techniques that may be used on subjects suffering from cervical spine dysfunction are examined.

Anatomy of the Spine
The human spine is comprised of 24 vertebrae. These vertebrae are small bones which as a set contain the spinal cord. The 24 vertebrae are grouped into three sections which correspond with their location on the spine. The three sections are (1) the cervical spine, which is comprised of the vertebrae located in the neck, (2) the thoracic spine, which is comprised of the vertebrae .."

From the Paper
"Cervical cancer is a very large pubic health problem. It is the third most prevalent gynecological cancer that especially threatens women who are over 30 years old and who have children (Grohs et al, 1994, p. 97). Cervical cancer is a problem for this target population, and as a result, illness in these females impacts the community because of their loss of work time, their inability to perform their occupations, and their inability to care for their families. The financial burden of cervical cancer also impacts the family, the community, and the United States as a whole because this disease is associated with high health costs. Poor women or those without insurance use tax dollars to finance their treatment via county hospitals, Medicare, or Medicaid. If there is no public health program that will give the a woman treatment, if she has no insurance, or if she cannot pay for her treatment, then it is most likely that she will die as a result of the advance of the disease."

Tags:cancer, gynecology, women, medicare, Pap, smear, HPV

From the Paper
" FEAR AND SCREENING FOR CERVICAL CANCER: A REVIEW OF THE
LITERATURE
Introduction
The importance of screening in conditions of cervical cancer cannot be overestimated; this because improvements in women's cancer-screening behaviors can lead to a reduction in the incidence of cervical cancer. Indeed, Chamberlain (1983) reports that the very purpose of cancer screening is to detect and treat the disease at an early stage when it is still curable. The benefits of cancer screening are improved prognosis for some cases detected by screening, less radical treatment to cure some early cases, reassurance for those with negative test results, and resource savings from less radical treatment.
However, in order to elevate screening participation, it is.."

Abstract
The paper relates that Bill H.R. 1132 addresses the screening of breast and cervical cancer, since detection is an essential predecessor to treatment. The paper explains how the Act seeks to guarantee that the money provided to states is properly spent on cancer screening, and also to ensure its proper population distribution. The paper also discusses how there are both proponents and detractors to the plan; however its overall goal and ideology is sound, in that it seeks to reduce the rate of mortality due to cancer. The primary component of the Act, which is the element of accountability, is examined as well.

Outline:
Context and Importance of Bill
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The act was to amend Title XV of the Public Health Service Act (42 USC 300k et seq.). Primarily the act was established to amend the public health service act by providing waivers relating to grants for preventative health measures with respect to breast and cervical cancer. (USgov) The goals of reduced mortality rates due to breast cancer have had its deadline moved back to 2020, rather than 2000. The specifications of the waiver is that Secretary is given authority to waive requirements for awarding breast and cervical cancer grants that require 60% of grant funds to be spent on screening and referrals for medical treatments and no more than 40% to be spent on other activities for not more than five states."

Tags:screening, detection, accountability, taxpayers, mortality, rates