Abstract
The sale of tax lien certificates to private investors from state and local governments is a win-win for both parties. This paper shows that the private investor earns high interest on his investment, the state and local government collects the taxes they need to function.

From the Paper
"State and local governments need taxes in order to fund programs that are essential to the proper functioning of the community. If these revenues were to stop the basic services that all local communities provide its members would stop as well, sacrificing not only the value of those services but also the jobs that they sustain. The sale of tax lien certificates to private investors is one way for state ..."

Tags:tax lien certificates, property taxes, back taxes, state government, local government

Abstract
This paper describes in detail discount certificates and bonus certificates. It provides some general information and features of certificates and discusses the engineering and financing of the certificates. The paper then examines the advantages and risks of using these certificates and it then provides a practical example to explain the concept.

Table of Contents:
List of Tables
List of Abbreviations
Introduction
Discount Certificates
General Information
Discounts
Caps
Engineering
Advantages and Risks
Example
Key Figures
Interpretations
Explanations
Bonus Certificates
General Information
Bonus
Barrier
Engineering and Finance
Advantages and Risks
Example
Key Figures
Interpretations
Explanations
Summary and Conclusions

From the Paper
"Both certificate types are constructed on the basis of an underlying value and some kind of option to finance the mentioned securities as well as benefits. Certificates are sold like share at the stock exchanges in Frankfurt and Stuttgart, as well as through direct trade. Emitter like ABN AMRO sets everyday prices for the products to give liquidity for trade to the investors. There are two different prices offered, the bid and the ask price. The spread in between will finally be the profit for the emitter. Furthermore they make profit through the time value of put options. Offering certificates bears nearly no risk for the emitter. Discount certificates are based on an adverse development that equilibrates any development in the market."

Tags:engineering, financing, investments, profits

Abstract
This paper takes an in-depth look at the emergence of Internet trust certificates and signatures, and how they will extensively increase the security of Internet electronic commerce and legal deals. The paper first defines and discusses trust in relation to the internet and then outlines the companies that are supposed to provide the solution to consumer confidence and voluntary self regulation that is required in the electronic marketplace, as well as the amount of personal information that a user is willing to allow to become public via the internet.

Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
What is The Background of These Organizations - BBB Online, Truste and Verisign Inc?
What Are The Services They Provide to The Organizations?
What Are The Guidelines of The Certificates Issued by BBBOnline, TRUSTe and VeriSign Inc?
Evaluate The Certificates to Find Out Whether They Really Stop Mistreating of Personal Information, and Are There Any Loopholes Within The Certificates
Do Consumers Really Feel Safe by These Certificates?
Conclusions

From the Paper
"The reason for this may be considered to be psychological to a certain extent. An unwanted mail on the e-mail address needs just a click in order to dispose off, and it is a major problem that computer users have been facing for a long time. Even nowadays, all the free amount of e-mail services lead to a great amount of mails which come in, and still several people make use of free e-mail. Thus it is quite possible that the individuals are being accustomed to that sort of great trouble. On the other hand in the case of an unwanted phone call, it can usually come at any hour of any day, and one may not even like to attend to the phone in order to get rid of the people. It is also very true that postal mail is somewhere in between and certain of the individuals are being accustomed to even throwing away of the mails without even opening the mails. Thus, it is quite possible that the classification of the information is quite based on the harassment which it causes to the individual. (Trust in the Internet: The Social Dynamics of an Experience Technology)

To a certain extent, when a person uses the Internet for a while, he tends to develop a higher level of trust in the Internet. There have been different analyses which talk about two general types of cyber trust. One of these categories can be called as "Net-confidence" and the other can be called as "Net-risk". Considering individuals in these two categories help in analyzing the trust that individuals have in Internet. The analyses show that:
- In general continuing users of Internet have more surety and more confidence in the information and people whom they can access via the technology than others who do not use Internet, with several non-users having no opinion about how much of trust can be placed in the Internet."

Tags:online, security, legal, technology, faith, confidence, privacy, VeriSign, data, information

Abstract
Medical billing can now become a relatively painless process for the personnel in a medical facility through the electronic filing of certificates of medical necessity (e-CMN). This paper explains how manually filling out paperwork is very time consuming and is not very cost effective. However, the technological advancements created in the area of medical billing are very efficient. It looks at how, while many offices now fax the CMNs, the incorporation of e-CMNs into the medical office and billing process decreases overhead costs, reduces paperwork, and helps substantially with the on-going battle to comply with the ever-changing Medicare requirements. It argues that, while each of the previous reasons is enticing enough to consider incorporating e-CMNs into the office routine, the increase of revenue is certainly a major benefit and is the direct result of the time reduction with the filing process.

From the Paper
"In September of 2001, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services revised the Medicare Program Integrity Manual (PIM) to include the acceptance of faxed and electronic CMN's and other electronic communication between suppliers and physicians while improving program integrity (Bachenheimer, 2002). The PIM included instructions for how e-CMNs should be created and used, while also specifying that they must "adhere to all privacy, security, and electronic signature rules and regulations. Additionally, e-CMNs must contain identical questions/wording to the paper CMS forms, including the same pagination, and identical instructions along with definitions as printed on the back of the hardcopy form" (McClinton, 2002)."

Tags:medicare, paperwork, billing

Abstract
This paper discusses why it is important for a respiratory practitioner to gain certificates as a PALS (Pediatric Advanced Life Support) instructor, or a NRP (Neonatal Resuscitation Practitioner) instructor. The paper examines why it will advance the practice of the respiratory practitioner. The paper provides a look at what each certificate means to the medical professional, and what the guidelines for each are.

From the Paper
"The PALS course teaches guidelines and requirements for resuscitating a child who is in a trauma situation. These requirements include knowing the conditions of risk for cardiopulmonary arrest, the parameters that indicate cardiovascular compromise in the patient, and strategies for prevention of cardiopulmonary arrest in children. Students must demonstrate skills of establishing and maintaining an airway in children. They must also identify the effects of multitrauma in children, and know the sequence and priorities of newborn and pediatric resuscitation. Proper techniques of management and maintenance of proper alignment of the cervical spine in the patient."

Tags:cardipulmonary, cardiovascular, choking, healthcare, newborn, CPR

Abstract
The paper begins with an overview of on-line transaction and the trust it demands from the consumer. It assesses marketing literature in order to highlight two different methods of trust and reliance demanded by the supplier. The paper offers cited examples to qualify these opinions. It continues to discuss the introduction of internet trust certificates, their validity and acceptance by the consumer. In conclusion, the author summarizes and offers an opinion on previous discussions.

Introduction
Literature Review
What is the background of these organizations - BBB Online, Truste and Verisign Inc
What are the services they provide to the organizations? What are the guidelines of the certificates issued by; BBBOnline, TRUSTe and VeriSign Inc?
Evaluate the certificates to find out whether they really stop mistreating of personal information, and are there any loopholes within the certificates
Do consumers really feel safe by these certificates?
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"The problems with the licensees do not end there. A person purchased a replacement battery for a cordless phone from Batteries.com. It also resulted in a subscription to a publication without the knowledge of the person who bought the battery. This sort of behavior does not satisfy any consumer. The contribution of Batteries.Com to TrustE is $599 a year for the right of displaying the privacy seal issued by TrustE. The situation was bad enough for TrustE to conduct an enquiry, and the executive director of TrustE said that Battries.Com violated the policies of Trust E on six counts - passing on data to sungifts.com which in turn passed the information to the magazine company, for passing on this information a required permission from TrustE was required but not obtained; the customers were not notified of the change in policies which was required; the company did not give the option of opting out to the customers; again the page having the choice of opting out required a link to a privacy statement and that link did not exist; and finally the data was transferred to sungifts.com before the option of opting out was presented."

Tags:online, consumer, supplier, security

Abstract
This paper discusses how many nurses in the United States and Canada choose specialties within the nursing profession. A nursing specialty signifies that the nurse has obtained expert knowledge in an area of health care. Currently there are over 200 areas of specialty in nursing, in which nurses can obtain certification and with that receive higher salaries.

From the Paper
"Many nurses in the United States and Canada choose specialties within the nursing profession. A nursing specialty signifies that the nurse has obtained expert knowledge in an area of health care. Currently there are over 200 areas of specialty in nursing. Research supports the belief that certified nurses earn more in salary and have higher levels of patient satisfaction than their non-certified peers. Non-certified nurses have higher rates of work-related errors when it comes to patient care ("Information on Becoming a Nurse", 2008). It is important to note that Registered Nurses are not required to be..."

Tags:certification, specialties, degrees

Abstract
An analysis of the process and implication of the forest certification.

Tags:certification, forests

Abstract
Is certification a means by which we can improve the education of our nation's youth? Or is it a bureaucratic nightmare that will not only stifle teachers' creativity, but also their ability to earn a living, thereby further jeopardizing our educational system? This paper researches the issue thoroughly, presenting all viewpoints associated with national board certification for teachers in America.

Table of Contents
Chapter One - Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Research Objective
Significance of the Study
Definition of Terms
Chapter 2 - Review of Literature
The History of National Board Certification for Teachers in America
How Does Certification Work?
What is the Current Certification Political Mood in America?
Does Certification Truly Make One a Better Teacher?
Chapter 3 - Analysis
Chapter 4 - Conclusion
Bibliography

From the Paper
"America has many challenges to face in the 21st century: Currently, we're embroiled in a war against terror which seems to have a greater scope and grip internationally everyday; we're struggling with income disparities that are among the most egregious in our nation's history; violent crime in America is unique in the industrialized world; and AIDS, teenage pregnancy and other social problems have established that they are not just fleeting problems. But perhaps the greatest challenge facing America today is the state of our education system. Ambitious projects such as No Child Left Behind establish the fact that education is on the forefront of our goals, and may now have the attention of the current administration too."

Tags:creativity, teacher, student, pupil, education

Abstract
This paper describes the differences between the standards and requirements of professional licenses and those of certification programs. The paper points out that state-required licenses are much more stringent in terms of educational and professional standards than certifications offered by certification programs not regulated by the state and that, often, these certifications programs are offered by organizations that exist simply to collect revenue in the form of examination fees and membership dues.

From the Paper
"Under the laws of every state in the United States, certain professions require practitioners to obtain a license issued pursuant to state licensing guidelines. Accountants, attorneys, engineers and physicians, in particular, must satisfy stringent requirements and attain a satisfactory score on professional licensing exams that individual states have established to qualify professionals intending to practice, which vary widely from state to state, in addition to satisfying any necessary educational degree requirements as a prerequisite to register for any licensing exam."

Tags:scoring, minimum, licensure, passing, score, examination, fee, exam, membership