Abstract
Modern European / Western education finds in its current form, roots that stretch back to Socrates and further to the earliest forms of oral histories and story-telling. The western model of education is based almost exclusively upon lecture, experience and review, is graduated in complexity and content over time, and covers, in general, approximately 12 years of a student's life. The content of lessons, regardless of context and subject, generally follow a specific structure with a philosophy of development that finds its origins in Locke, Rousseau, and Pasteur. During the 19th century, on the heels of the Age of Enlightenment and through the Romantic Era, education underwent fundamental changes. Many different factors influenced the form and content of that education, most significantly, perhaps, being that of nationalizing and standardizing the educational system. It is the purpose of this paper to examine the history of educational systems during the 19th century Europe, differences in gender-involvement, the influence of Napoleon, Locke, Rousseau, Pasteur and other thinkers from the Enlightenment and Romantic periods, all with the intent of demonstrating how our modern model of education has been shaped and determined by these factors.

Tags:nineteenth, century, education

Abstract
This paper examines several common factors that were responsible for the presence of regional and global conflict during the 20th Century. According to the paper, in terms of relative explanatory strength, the most significant factors were destabilizing great power rivalries fueled by competition for imperial possessions and colonies. Additionally, the paper notes that the pursuit of political and economic dominance, incompatible ideologies, aggressive foreign policies that disrupted the balance of power, misperceptions about a rival power's intentions, and lingering hostility because of previous conflicts all combined to generate regional and international conflict during the turbulent 20th Century.

From the Paper
"Several common factors were responsible for the presence of regional and global conflict during the 20th Century. In terms of relative explanatory strength, the most significant factors were destabilizing great power rivalries fueled by competition for imperial possessions and colonies, the pursuit of political and economic dominance, incompatible ideologies, aggressive foreign policies that disrupted the balance of power, misperceptions about a rival power's intentions, and lingering..."

Tags:20th, century, conflict

Abstract
This paper takes a close look at the leadership skills necessary to create 21st century schools, and among the most important are visionary leadership, relational leadership, systems leadership, reflective leadership, and collaborative leadership. The paper further describes how these approaches were applied while implementing West Virginia's Framework for 21st Century Schools. According to the paper, this is essential if today's educators are to establish classroom environments conducive to effective, goal-oriented learning.

From the Paper
"There are a number of leadership skills necessary in order to create 21st century schools, and among the most important are visionary leadership, relational leadership, systems leadership, reflective leadership, and collaborative leadership. Applying these leadership approaches while implementing West Virginia's Framework for 21^st Century Schools is essential if today's educators are to establish classroom environments conducive to effective, goal-oriented learning..."

Tags:21st, century, schools

Abstract
This article addresses the issue of major changes and challenges that marketing may be expected to face in the 21st century. The writer questions whether customers will become homogeneous. In this paper, the writer discusses whether customers will still expect to receive targeted marketing that is directed at their specific needs.

From the Paper
"The marketing function will face a number of challenges in the 21st century. One only needs to consider the dramatic changes that occurred in the 20th century to imagine what might occur in this century. For example the 20th century saw the first powered flight, a rapid increase in world population, great leaps forward in the area of medicine and healthcare, the introduction of electricity into most households in developed countries, the invention of radio and television, the rise of technology combined with the birth of ..."

Tags:marketing, target marketing, aging markets, 21st century challenges, EEU, Hong Kong, SARS

Abstract
This paper clearly interprets event and actions leading up the German and English reformations of the 16th century. It begins on the topic of Germany and its catalyst feudal systems and religious overlords, and goes on to study the works of martin Luther and his conniving methods and perseverance to proceed with his reformation through his 95-theses to eventually win the hearts of fed up peasants, merchants growing rich off the New World, greedy nobility, and challenge the authority of the Church and Pope. This paper also discusses the reformation of England started by King Henry VIII. It discusses in detail how Henry VIII invented his own hybrid religion, infused it into his own country to build national unity and to suit his own desires, and was excommunicated from the Catholic Church all while making himself the Supreme Head of the Church of England. This paper looks at societal cause and effects such as the printing press which allowed lower classes to become more educated, bible translations to common languages that allowed the lower classes to step past the clergy to speak freely with God, new merchant opportunities in the New World, and political gains of money and land.

From the Paper
"In Sixteenth-century Europe, the material world was becoming increasingly distinct and spiritual ideals more confused, as the printing press spread information and humanist studies inspired ideas of doctrinal difference. The nations were becoming even more conscious of their nationalities, and the faithful were pained about the short comings of society and of the church. From the beginning the impulse to reform the Church had mingled with political currents. The spiritual impulse was dominated by dynastic intrigue, greed, and war, and in the end national politics determined the fate of the Reformation all over Europe. What began in a mood of spiritual piety had its triumph in the rearrangement of secular power."

Tags:cardinal, century, charles, clement, diet, england, germany, henry, imperial, league, luther, martin, pope, press, printing, reformation, religion, religious, sixteenth, swabian, v, viii, wolsley, worms

Abstract
This paper examines the situation of Blacks in 18th Century France and the attitudes regarding them held by various groups and individuals. The author also includes a discussion pertaining to natural rights and individual liberties are explored in relation to this topic.

Tags:blacks, slavery, france, 18th century, Enlightenment, philosophes, French monarchy, French colonies

Abstract
This paper covers the evolution of child labor laws from 19th Century England through the present. The author discusses harsh working conditions endured and injuries suffered by children. Cited are specific pieces of legislation and non-profit campaigns aimed at stopping the phenomenon.

From the Paper
"Child labor in 19th century England was a shameful practice that many of us never look back on. The displaced working classes took it for granted that a family would not be able to support itself if the children were not employed. Therefore, children as young as five years old were working 12 hour shifts for less then 20 dollars a day. The conditions in which these children worked were below standards. It was a long and deadly fight to regulated child labor laws in England during the 19th century. Today many of us take for granted the regulations on child labor; we act as if this is how it has been since the beginning. What we do not realize is how much child labor has progressed since the 19th century. Three hundred years may sound like a long time but when you consider how life was for a child then and compare it to a child's life today, I think you'll begin to come to a better understanding of exactly what we have gone through to get where we are today."

Tags:19th, century, history

Abstract
This article explores the themes of religious hypocrisy rife in the literature of eighteenth century England. It utilizes the texts of "The Vicar of Wakefield", "Joseph Andrews", and "The Way of the World" to reveal the convergence of both early novel and constant drama as exposers of the Church of England and its contradictions.

Tags:century, drama, eighteenth, england, literature, novels

Abstract
This paper looks into the Greek economy before the 5th century. The author examines reasons for its take off and how it affected Greek society.

From the Paper
"During the fifth century BC, Greek city-states were the dominant powers in the Mediterranean, Aegean, and Black Seas. The poleis built an empire that spanned from the coast of Spain to the Black Sea in modern day Ukraine. The springboard for the economic boom was Persian War. Before the war, Greek was economically prosperous and powerful land but was not the economic juggernaut it was in the fifth century. The backbone of this juggernaut was the robust Greek economy. Greece's economy did not become powerful overnight. Some of the factors in this economic machine were in place for hundreds of years. Greece already built great colonies and had a strong trade network. It also already possessed strong industry. A few obstacles blocked Greece's path to economic dominance. During the fifth century, these obstacles were removed and Greece could finally fully utilize their economic potential."

Tags:5th, century, greece, economy, social, art, trade, agriculture

Abstract
This paper studies the levels in crime during the nineteenth century, and the possible causes and reasons for this. It looks at the introduction of the Police Constable into British society, their role and the effects they had upon the crime trends. It also includes other factors that may have affected the crime rate, such as poverty, the increase in population and the increased convictions of crimes.

From the Paper
"The passing of the Metropolitan Police Act in 1829, gave the Home Secretary, Robert Peel, the chance to establish a brand new police force. Two commissioners were introduced to run the force, Colonel Sir Charles Rowan and Richard Mayne, which would consist of 3,000 policemen to serve London, excluding the City of London. To be run similar to a military unit, with military discipline, the force was hoped to be a band of men strong, fit and of high qualities. But it was a very different story in reality; those picked were unfit, ragged, ill-disciplined, young and drunk. The main reason for this was due to the low pay and so the only people attracted to the job were young men who had no families or responsibilities and for half of the time would be drunk. The job would be used as a temporary fill in job, before a person could get into another position. The low rate of pay was the biggest reason for not being able to recruit the best possible person; even by 1872 the problems had not improved. PC Green, a member of the Birmingham police force said "The rate of wages is such that I would never have accepted it had I not been driven to it. The performance of police duties deprives me of both my comfort and my liberty, and when I put on my uniform I become the scoff of every low blackguard in the town." "

Tags:19th, britain, british, century, crime, history, law, police, trends, constable