Abstract Modern European / Western education finds in its current form, roots that stretch back to Socrates and further to the earliest forms of oral histories and story-telling. The western model of education is based almost exclusively upon lecture, experience and review, is graduated in complexity and content over time, and covers, in general, approximately 12 years of a student's life. The content of lessons, regardless of context and subject, generally follow a specific structure with a philosophy of development that finds its origins in Locke, Rousseau, and Pasteur. During the 19th century, on the heels of the Age of Enlightenment and through the Romantic Era, education underwent fundamental changes. Many different factors influenced the form and content of that education, most significantly, perhaps, being that of nationalizing and standardizing the educational system. It is the purpose of this paper to examine the history of educational systems during the 19th century Europe, differences in gender-involvement, the influence of Napoleon, Locke, Rousseau, Pasteur and other thinkers from the Enlightenment and Romantic periods, all with the intent of demonstrating how our modern model of education has been shaped and determined by these factors.
Abstract This article explores the themes of religious hypocrisy rife in the literature of eighteenth century England. It utilizes the texts of "The Vicar of Wakefield", "Joseph Andrews", and "The Way of the World" to reveal the convergence of both early novel and constant drama as exposers of the Church of England and its contradictions.
Abstract This paper covers the evolution of child labor laws from 19th Century England through the present. The author discusses harsh working conditions endured and injuries suffered by children. Cited are specific pieces of legislation and non-profit campaigns aimed at stopping the phenomenon.
From the Paper "Child labor in 19th century England was a shameful practice that many of us never look back on. The displaced working classes took it for granted that a family would not be able to support itself if the children were not employed. Therefore, children as young as five years old were working 12 hour shifts for less then 20 dollars a day. The conditions in which these children worked were below standards. It was a long and deadly fight to regulated child labor laws in England during the 19th century. Today many of us take for granted the regulations on child labor; we act as if this is how it has been since the beginning. What we do not realize is how much child labor has progressed since the 19th century. Three hundred years may sound like a long time but when you consider how life was for a child then and compare it to a child's life today, I think you?ll begin to come to a better understanding of exactly what we have gone through to get where we are today."
Abstract This paper looks into the Greek economy before the 5th century. The author examines reasons for its take off and how it affected Greek society.
From the Paper "During the fifth century BC, Greek city-states were the dominant powers in the Mediterranean, Aegean, and Black Seas. The poleis built an empire that spanned from the coast of Spain to the Black Sea in modern day Ukraine. The springboard for the economic boom was Persian War. Before the war, Greek was economically prosperous and powerful land but was not the economic juggernaut it was in the fifth century. The backbone of this juggernaut was the robust Greek economy. Greece's economy did not become powerful overnight. Some of the factors in this economic machine were in place for hundreds of years. Greece already built great colonies and had a strong trade network. It also already possessed strong industry. A few obstacles blocked Greece's path to economic dominance. During the fifth century, these obstacles were removed and Greece could finally fully utilize their economic potential."
Tags: 5th, century, greece, economy, social, art, trade, agriculture
Abstract This paper studies the levels in crime during the nineteenth century, and the possible causes and reasons for this. It looks at the introduction of the Police Constable into British society, their role and the effects they had upon the crime trends. It also includes other factors that may have affected the crime rate, such as poverty, the increase in population and the increased convictions of crimes.
From the Paper "The passing of the Metropolitan Police Act in 1829, gave the Home Secretary, Robert Peel, the chance to establish a brand new police force. Two commissioners were introduced to run the force, Colonel Sir Charles Rowan and Richard Mayne, which would consist of 3,000 policemen to serve London, excluding the City of London. To be run similar to a military unit, with military discipline, the force was hoped to be a band of men strong, fit and of high qualities. But it was a very different story in reality; those picked were unfit, ragged, ill-disciplined, young and drunk. The main reason for this was due to the low pay and so the only people attracted to the job were young men who had no families or responsibilities and for half of the time would be drunk. The job would be used as a temporary fill in job, before a person could get into another position. The low rate of pay was the biggest reason for not being able to recruit the best possible person; even by 1872 the problems had not improved. PC Green, a member of the Birmingham police force said ?The rate of wages is such that I would never have accepted it had I not been driven to it. The performance of police duties deprives me of both my comfort and my liberty, and when I put on my uniform I become the scoff of every low blackguard in the town.? "
Abstract This paper examines the situation of Blacks in 18th Century France and the attitudes regarding them held by various groups and individuals. The author also includes a discussion pertaining to natural rights and individual liberties are explored in relation to this topic.
Tags: blacks, slavery, france, 18th century, Enlightenment, philosophes, French monarchy, French colonies
Abstract This article addresses the issue of major changes and challenges that marketing may be expected to face in the 21st century. The writer questions whether customers will become homogeneous. In this paper, the writer discusses whether customers will still expect to receive targeted marketing that is directed at their specific needs.
From the Paper "The marketing function will face a number of challenges in the 21st century. One only needs to consider the dramatic changes that occurred in the 20th century to imagine what might occur in this century. For example the 20th century saw the first powered flight, a rapid increase in world population, great leaps forward in the area of medicine and healthcare, the introduction of electricity into most households in developed countries, the invention of radio and television, the rise of technology combined with the birth of ..."
Tags: marketing, target marketing, aging markets, 21st century challenges, EEU, Hong Kong, SARS
Abstract This paper clearly interprets event and actions leading up the German and English reformations of the 16th century. It begins on the topic of Germany and its catalyst feudal systems and religious overlords, and goes on to study the works of martin Luther and his conniving methods and perseverance to proceed with his reformation through his 95-theses to eventually win the hearts of fed up peasants, merchants growing rich off the New World, greedy nobility, and challenge the authority of the Church and Pope. This paper also discusses the reformation of England started by King Henry VIII. It discusses in detail how Henry VIII invented his own hybrid religion, infused it into his own country to build national unity and to suit his own desires, and was excommunicated from the Catholic Church all while making himself the Supreme Head of the Church of England. This paper looks at societal cause and effects such as the printing press which allowed lower classes to become more educated, bible translations to common languages that allowed the lower classes to step past the clergy to speak freely with God, new merchant opportunities in the New World, and political gains of money and land.
From the Paper "In Sixteenth-century Europe, the material world was becoming increasingly distinct and spiritual ideals more confused, as the printing press spread information and humanist studies inspired ideas of doctrinal difference. The nations were becoming even more conscious of their nationalities, and the faithful were pained about the short comings of society and of the church. From the beginning the impulse to reform the Church had mingled with political currents. The spiritual impulse was dominated by dynastic intrigue, greed, and war, and in the end national politics determined the fate of the Reformation all over Europe. What began in a mood of spiritual piety had its triumph in the rearrangement of secular power."
Abstract The paper discusses how it has become commonplace to refer to the 20th century as "The American Century." This paper argues that the reasons for this designation lie in the fact that during this century, the United States dominated global, political and economic relations to an extraordinary degree. As the paper shows, the institutions of the new global economy in the early 21st century - which are largely the successors of the institutions established by the United States in the 20th century - are likely to continue to perpetuate the power of the United States.
Abstract This is an argumentative essay that discusses whether or not the twentieth century can be considered as the "American Century" and if a period of time can be given the title of one single country at all.
From the Paper "The Twentieth Century has been quoted by many common people and historians as being the "American Century". This though is very arguable and in my opinion cannot be true. No time period can be called the period of a specific country or region since important events that affect the lives of many all over the world and of things to come in the future occur everywhere on Earth. It is true that in the twentieth century, even though the central focus was on many occasions on the United States, important events that affect the world even today occurred in other areas of the world as well."
Abstract In 1903 W. E. B. DuBois said that race would be the most important issue of the 20th century. Some have suggested that this was prescient, but viewing how the 20th century unfolded, it may have been optimistic of him. This paper examines how the 'race problem' has unfolded in 20th century America, from the the Jim Crow Laws, the segregated South and the Ku Klux Klan. The paper looks at segregation in education, sport and other areas and questions why it took so long for America to pass the Civil Rights Act. Finally, the paper looks at the progress made in America in the latter part of the century.
From the Paper "It would be easy to despair over what has and has not happened in the last century. To us, as Americans, it seems like a very long time since the Emancipation Proclamation. It seems that in over 200 years we should have accomplished more. But the sad truth is that laws and the citizens who are supposed to follow those laws don?t always run in tandem. In fact our country has a long and honored tradition of defying laws if we feel them to be unjust, starting before the Revolutionary war when Colonists climbed onto a ship in Boston Harbor and dumped tea in the salty water rather than be denied the freedom to import their tea from whomever they chose. While it seems irrational now, in the early 1950?s, many Southerners thought that their way of handling race relations was appropriate, and they resented what they viewed as federal intrusion. The governor standing on the steps of the university, with an axe handle in his hands suggesting that he would fight armed federal soldiers for what he believed in, felt as justified in his action as the Colonists did when they tossed tea into the harbor."
Tags: Woodrow, Wilson, Medgar, Evers, Malcolm, X, Martin, Luther, King
Abstract The end of the nineteenth century is seen as an era of trust busting under President Roosevelt and the Progressives. This was an era in which industry was subject to increasingly strict regulation in an effort to preserve the competitive marketplace. The following discussion will explore this issue: In what way and to what extent was business regulated in the United States during the nineteenth century? An issue of secondary importance will also be considered: In what way did nineteenth century regulation of business foreshadow the manner in which business is currently regulated at the beginning of the twenty-first century.
Abstract This paper examines how the intense interaction between science and religion in the 17th century had an ultimately positive effect on human civilization over the succeeding centuries. The paper explains that these interactions produced played an instrumental role in generating the Enlightenment of the 18th century, which transformed the world, freed humanity from the bonds of religious dogma, and produced long-term benefits ranging from greatly expanded scientific learning to the dramatic emergence and development of democratic systems of government. The paper then points out that religion and science also clashed in the 17th century because they offered incompatible answers to humanity's existence, to the functioning of the universe, and to humanity's place in it. In the context of this discussion, the paper briefly examines the works of philosophers and scientists like Nicolas Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, Galileo and Tycho Brahe.
From the Paper "After lengthy observations and calculations, Kepler eventually discovered that although Copernicus had correctly concluded that the planets of the solar system all orbited around the sun, he had been mistaken in assuming that planetary orbits were circular instead of elliptical. The most positive contribution of Copernicus was his theory that the earth rotates each day on its axis, that it revolves on an annual basis around the sun, and that other planets also revolve around the sun. Yet as revolutionary as this theory was, it was not proven to be true until Galileo observed the heavens and made some startling discoveries that provided that proof."
Tags: modern, world, physics, revolution, Enlightenment, church
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that most historians consider totalitarianism to be a uniquely 20th century phenomenon that gained ascendancy during the period between the two World Wars when several such regimes led by Hitler, Mussolini, Franco and Stalin reigned supreme. This paper reflects upon the totalitarianism of Hitler's Nazism and Stalin's Communism and examines the conditions that contributed to the popularity of totalitarianism in inter-war Europe. The writer also analyzes why the phenomenon was a specifically 20th century development. The writer concludes that with the decisive defeat of Germany in the Second World War and the ultimate eclipse of Communism in the Soviet Union in the 1980s, it seems that the rise of totalitarianism was a temporary phenomenon that could not survive the end of the 20th century.
Outline:
Why Totalitarianism Became Popular in the Post WW I Period
Stalin's Communism
Hitler's Nazism: the Ultimate Totalitarian Ideology
Why Totalitarianism was a Specifically 20th Century Phenomenon?
Conclusion
From the Paper "The post-World War I period was one such time in recent history. The First World War had caused untold destruction in the countries where it was fought and the reparations imposed on Germany by the victorious Allied powers as well as the one-side Versailles Treaty further exacerbated the situation. All these factors led to severe social, political and economic crises in Europe. When the liberal democratic governments in most of the European countries failed to effectively tackle the severe economic and social problems such as the Great Depression of the 1930s, a belief that the existing social and political structure was unworkable gained ground and the concept of alternate forms of government started to attract a receptive audience."
Abstract The paper shows that by Time Magazine selecting Albert Einstein as Man of the Century (above other contenders such as Adolph Hitler or Gandhi), we recognize that this century has been the century of scientific inquiry, scientific developments and a major shift in scientific thought - a shift so profound that it has extended beyond science to how we view the world, our place in it and our place in the universe at large. The paper explains how Einstein's theories and thoughts changed the face of science so dramatically.
From the Paper "The shift brought about by Einstein would lead to a wide variety of possibilities, from the frightening atomic bomb to nuclear power. More importantly, it involved a major shift in how we view the universe, how we explain reality on the largest (cosmological) and smallest (atomic and below) levels, and eventually how we explain the origin of reality itself. Einsteinian theory remains strong because subsequent experimentation and improved means of observation have offered support for much of what Einstein predicted."
