Abstract
This paper looks at the history of engineering education in the United States and the ways that engineering, and thus engineering schools, continue to improve life for each one of us. However, one cannot understand why engineering school began to assume greater and greater importance in the second half of the 19th century in the United States without considering the historical context of engineering and of engineering education. It shows how the Centennial Exposition of 1876 gave a boost to engineering education, but this was only because people were already prepared to reconsider the place of engineering in the United States.

From the Paper
"A decade in the planning, sprawling across 450 acres (and costing the then-unbelievable sum of over $11 million), the exposition welcomed over 10 million people. And the most popular draw to all visitors to the exposition was the was Machinery Hall, where viewers were given intimate glimpses into the working models of steam engines and dynamos. The exposition was in many ways a boosterish celebration of the coming of age of the United States as an world industrial power and the impression that this display made on both universities and young people was substantial. "The Centennial Exposition in 1876 in Philadelphia was responsible for a national quickening in mechanical matters and for a growing sense of latent power," wrote Frederick Remsen Hutton in the 1915 A History of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers from 1880 to 1915."

Tags:engine, war, railroad

Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses the ode by Horace known as the 'Centennial Hymn'. According to the paper, this ode relates to certain celebrations that were an important part of Roman history. The paper discusses how this hymn is a series of prayers to the Roman gods as the older Greek gods were being transformed in the Hellenistic era into Roman gods. The poem also celebrates Augustus, the ruler who revived the secular games that were the occasion for the writing and delivery of this poem.

From the Paper
"Any understanding of the poem is altered by this knowledge, with the assumption being that the poem in performance is somewhat different from the text on the page. Scholars note that in antiquity, the poem was considered a paean, originally meaning an ancient Greek hymn of thanksgiving or invocation, often to Apollo, but also meaning a song of praise. The Centennial Hymn is clearly a song and was performed as such when first offered. The modern use of the word "hymn" may give a difference sense of the meaning and tone of the poem, as if it were a more serious statement of religious fervor. In fact, the poem is more festive than that and states clearly that it is intended to be part of an ongoing celebration to recur in another century."

Tags:structure, festival, horatian, seasons, harvest, generational, renewal

Abstract
This paper explains that the Civil War carries a strong symbolic significance. Among Southern whites, many tend to identify culturally with the "Southern identity" and the defeat of the Confederacy; among black citizens the Civil War brings an even stronger emotional and ideological reaction because they consider the war to be the pivotal struggle to end slavery in the United States. The author relates that, perhaps, the event, which most strongly symbolizes the reaction of "culturally Southern" whites, was that surrounding the "raising of the Confederate flag" over the Capitol building in South Carolina. The paper questions whether the "celebration" of the Civil War was a good idea, given the concept of "celebrating" a war as necessarily divisive as a civil war, and given its affect on the social, racial, and political climate of the 1960s.

From the Paper
"That the South chose to "unfurl" the confederate flag, as the symbol of the meaning of the Civil War as it applied to their "identity", and to bar black delegates from participating in the Centennial. The Northern states chose to reenact battles (Kansas, Wisconsin, and Missouri) among others, embark on "educational programs" and stage parades, giving some credence to the widely held notion that the Centennial was "more a Northern than a Southern celebration". Further, in addition to the divisive racial controversies that emerged in the Centennial, many believed that the Centennial "demonstrated the increasing commercialization and trivialization of the memory of the war" ".

Tags:confederate, identity, slavery, flag, carolina

Abstract
This paper details the events of the year 1976. From the flight of the Concorde, the discovery of life on Mars, to the induction of the word 'junk food' into the dictionary. Many things were going on in the year 1976-25 years ago.

Abstract
The Expo 67 Fair was celebrated in Canada's Centennial year and became a symbol of Canadian bilingualism, biculturalism (recently introduced federal policies) and unity. This widely accepted image does not accord with developments in Canadian culture and society in the subsequent decade.

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that within the global environment there are nearly always situations and circumstances of special interest within the environmental sciences, as changes in industry occur all over the world and have varying impacts on the environment, both locally and globally. The writer points out that one issue of just such importance and of particular personal importance is the issue of Coal Mining in Hunter Valley New South Wales, Australia. The writer discusses the proposed development of an open pit coal mine in one of the few remaining tracks of naturally preserved land in the region, in fact the largest containing nearly 600 living elements of flora and fauna many of which are threatened, and the global nature of the debate that has ensued. The writer notes that conclusion of the matter is likely to end with approval for the Centennial Mining Co., as they, as well as most others, are assured that their extensive work to develop the plans and impact reports for the Anvil mine location will result in success since the state government is clearly projected to approve the development of the mine in Anvil Hill.

Outline:
Introduction
Background
Proposal For Change

From the Paper
"One of the most challenging issues at work today in the environmental sciences is of coarse sustainable development. We stand at the precipice of a period of global transition, where challenges to the old, including but not limited to challenges to the global dependence on fossil fuels and a demand to transition to sustainable resources are in conflict. The transition will surely prove to be a difficult one, even though it would not seem that it should be given the seriousness of the environmental issues at hand. It is proposed by many environmental scientists that environmental devastation caused in part by the emissions of greenhouse gasses that deplete the earths protection from the sun and will eventually lead to mass climate change that could create a situation of extinction not only for the environment but for humans, much like the one theoretical extinction of historical proportions that are currently being studied, that of the dinosaurs. The transition is a challenge in a broad sense because the foundation of energy resources if squarely placed upon the use of fossil fuels and many individuals and organizations stand to lose a great deal in the short run for a long term goal that will likely never gain for them at all."

Tags:mine, carbon, monoxide, global

Abstract
In this paper the author takes an in-depth look at the history of engineering education and the ways that engineering, and engineering schools, continue to improve life. The author investigates why engineering schools began to assume greater importance in the second half of the 19th century in the United States and considers the historical context of engineering and engineering education.

From the paper:

"As people's understanding of the ways in which the physical world is constructed increased over time, engineering developed a number of sub-fields that addressed the various problems inherent in different materials and different applications. Thus developed the traditional four primary engineering subdivisions: civil, mechanical, electrical, and chemical. Over time specific educational programs would develop to train engineers in each of these sub-fields."

Tags:Centennial, Exposition, Frederick, Remsen, American, Civil, War, Technology, Industrial, Revolution, Civil, Mechanical, Electrical, Chemical