Abstract This paper explores the progress of ethanol as a fuel derived from renewable crops. It particularly focuses on cellulosicethanol, which can be produced from agricultural, municipal and forestry waste, corn stalks, sawdust and waste paper. The paper discusses all of these options, as well as the viability of being able to produce enough to significantly reduce the United States dependence on foreign oil.
Table of Contents:
History of Ethanol Current Uses of Ethanol Arguments For and Against Ethanol as a Major Alternative Fuel
Retooling for Ethanol Conclusion
From the Paper "United States would require an "area of energy crops as large as the current area of food crops grown in the United States. Additional land use of this magnitude would be staggering and contentious" (p. 18). According to Haroon S. Kheshgi, an engineer for EXXonMobil Research, nothing will replace petroleum because to run an average U. S. car with corn-derived ethanol for a year would require 14 acres of cropland--about nine times more land than is needed to feed one person the same length of time. Aside from the fact that Kheshgi is invested in the oil industry, this argument, does not consider the use of agricultural waste products as the source or use of the by-products of distilling ethanol. If the land were still used to grow food, and the wastes were used for ethanol, benefits to the environment would be great. Also, if hydrogen power is the ultimate goal, ethanol could be "part of a transition strategy for shifting from today's internal combustion engine technology to tomorrow's hydrogen-based engines" (Issues in Science & Technology, 2002, p. 17)."
Abstract This paper explores the possibility of using ethanol as a fuel made from renewable crops. In particular, the paper looks at cellulosicethanol, which can be produced from agricultural, municipal and forestry waste, corn stalks, sawdust, and waste paper. The author provides a short write up on the chemical qualities and characteristics of ethanol and mentions other countries such as Brazil that have been using ethanol as fuel. The paper advocates the environmental advantages of using ethanol as a renewable alternative fuel and suggests that there should be more support for research on ethanol to be used as fuel on a wide scale.
From the Paper "Rumplestiltskin, a well-known fairy tale, tells about a poor miller's daughter who must spin straw into gold or die. Magic only can help her. Today, with rapidly rising gasoline prices, many Americans hope alternative fuels will soon be developed--and are hoping for some similar kind of magic. Bio-fuels could offer the solution to the problem, particularly ethanol. The challenge is to find cost-effective ways to make ethanol out of such renewable resources as corn, soybeans, sugarcane, the stems and leaves of plants, forest cuttings, wood chips, and all the non-food parts of crops that currently are burned or buried."
Abstract In this paper the author takes an in-depth look at Ethanol. The author makes mention of the different ways that it can be produced, its various characteristics, chemical composition and uses. The paper concludes with various arguments as to why ethanol has so many benefits and is so useful and argues why it may well be the "fuel of the future".
From the paper:
?Ethanol (ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol) is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic, agreeable odor. In dilute aqueous solution, it has a somewhat sweet flavor, but in more concentrated solutions it has a burning taste. Ethanol, CH3CH2OH, is an alcohol, a group of chemical compounds whose molecules contain a hydroxyl group, ? OH ? bonded to a carbon atom.?
Abstract The paper deals with the impact of external forces of developmental innovation on the management strategies and processes of oil companies. The paper highlights how adoption of new innovation strategies can be difficult to apply for a major industry like the oil industry at the same time as highlighting the advantages that the oil industry could have by adopting the newer innovation strategies. The paper also deals with the appropriateness of the timing, speed and application of the innovation strategies within the oil industry.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Analyzing Industry Environment through Innovative Business Management
Analyzing Competition within the Industry
Timing of Innovation
Innovation Speed
The Impact of Corporate Culture on Innovation
The Use of Core Competence as an Innovation Method
Internal Innovation
Research and Development
The Speed of Marketing the Innovated Product
The Relationship between Innovation and Organizational Success
The Impact of Innovation on Organizational Capabilities
The Relationship between Experience and Innovation
Strategic Planning and Innovation
The Strategic Planning Model Developed by Bryson
Conclusion
From the Paper "The production of ethanol also leads to the release of aldehydes and alcohol in the environment which is harmful as they are cancer-causing chemicals. After the production of ethanol was inspected, the chemicals and gases released into the atmosphere were found to be quite detrimental for the environment. As even the plowing, planting, cultivation and transportation of corn takes up petroleum energy, ethanol can not be considered to be a safe alternate energy source and neither is it environmentally friendly as it contributes to a lot of environmental pollution."
Abstract This paper argues that the large-scale diversion of food-crops towards bio-fuels is an ill-advised move that could have catastrophic consequences against little gain. The paper reveals that the large-scale diversion of food crops such as corn for producing ethanol has resulted in sky-rocketing food prices around the world. The paper also discusses the indirect effects of producing ethanol that arguably results in greater emission of carbon-dioxide as large forested areas, particularly in the Amazon, are cleared for growing crops. The paper argues further that corn-based ethanol is an unviable proposition, mainly because the ethanol would anyway only fulfill a minuscule amount of the total gasoline requirement in the country. The paper therefore concludes that producing corn-based ethanol is simply not worth the human suffering and environmental damage it can cause.
Outline:
Rising Grain and Food Prices
Effect on the Amazon
Corn-based Ethanol is Unviable
Conclusion
From the Paper "Barely a couple of years ago bio ethanol fuel was the undisputed 'darling' of environmentalists and government policy makers alike. It was being touted as a clean and renewable alternative to fossil fuels that would tame the galloping oil prices, cure the United State's 'addiction' to imported oil, and control the on-going global warming threatening the world's environment. The overenthusiastic proponents of bio-fuels had obviously not catered for the unintended consequences of an untried policy. The large-scale diversion of food crops such as corn for producing ethanol has resulted in sky-rocketing food prices around the world, and precipitated the worst food crisis in decades."
Tags: grain, food, prices, agriculture, Amazon, environment, energy
Abstract This paper examines three issues concerning the metabolism of ethanol, one of the major forms of alcohol, and then compares how the ethanol found in beer is metabolized to how the ethanol found in the over-the-counter cold suppressant, Nyquil, gets metabolized.
From the Paper "Although this research project concerns the metabolism of ethanol, one of the three major forms of alcohol, the major topic will discuss three distinct yet similar issues concerning the metabolism of ethanol. The first issue is the means by which the liver metabolizes ethanol the second and third issues discuss the variances involved when comparing how ethanol found in beer is metabolized with the ethanol found in one of the more popular cough suppressants. For simplicity and clarity the cough syrup being used in this study is Nyquil...."
Abstract This paper discusses the production of bio-ethanol fuel as an alternative to fossil fuels, in Brazil. The paper begins by giving a summary of the political and economic background of Brazil and goes on to describe why the production of bio-ethanol has been so successful in Brazil. The paper presents the pros and cons of bio-ethanol production and concludes that, at this stage, the advantages of producing ethanol for fuel use appear to outweigh the disadvantages.
From the Paper "Overall, the advantages of producing ethanol for fuel use appear to outweigh the disadvantages, which at this stage, are believed to be manageable. The first benefit is the decrease of the net output of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, since the amount of carbon dioxide released in the manufacture would be cyclically absorbed in the production of the new fuel crops (Wikipedia 2006). The burning of fossil fuels brings up massive amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere without creating damage. But this advantage can be derived only from agricultural ethanol, not petroleum ethanol. It is also assumed that production processes, like distillation and fertilizer production, would not exact large amounts of energy and done without using fossil fuels (Wikipedia)."
Abstract The paper explains the limitations and disadvantages of using petroleum and discusses the interest of American consumers in switching to automobiles powered by ethanol. The paper also looks at the position of the government and oil companies and looks at the subgroups of consumers and framers who would be the most affected. In addition, the paper discusses the drawbacks of using ethanol but concludes with a personal position that supports ethanol as a long-tern alternative.
Outline:
Problems with Petroleum
Existing Market for Petroleum and Ethanol Causes in Market Shifts
Response of Companies and the Government
Subgroups Affected
Conclusions of Experts
My Personal Position
From the Paper "Not only is petroleum a depleting resource, but vehicle emissions running on petroleum have created a pollution problem in the United States and most of the industrialized world. These emissions have increased the green house gases in the earth's atmosphere and in turn have led to global warming. Billionaire businessman Ted Turner has helped bring this issue to the forefront of the energy debate, stating, "'I think dealing with climate change is going to be the biggest single challenge humanity has ever faced, and we're facing it now'" (Dittrick, 2007, p. 26)."
Abstract Discusses benefits of ethanol as a renewable fuel & valuable resource. Fuel Cell technology. Internal combustion engine & exhaust problems of air pollution. Expansion of ethanol use. "Flex-fuel" vehicles. How fuel cells work. Effect on environment. Need to use ethanol as a fuel resource, not as a waste product.
From the Paper "Ethanol, once considered a hazardous waste product of many industrial processes is no longer viewed in that light. Now, it is a valuable resource, much sought after, particular in fuel cell technology (Ethanol as a renewable fuel, 2000). The internal combustion engine gains its energy from the heat released during the combustion of the non-reacted working fluids, the oxidizer-fuel mixer (Britannica, 2000). The process occurs within the engine, and is a part of the thermodynamic cycle of the device. Useful work generated by the internal combustion engine results from the hot, gaseous products of combustion acting on moving surfaces of the engine, such as the face of a piston, a turbine blade, or a nozzle.
The most common example of the internal combustion engine, the intermittent combustion engine, is characterized by periodic..."
Abstract The paper looks at an article entitled "Going Crazy for Ethanol" by S. Pearlstein and explores economic issues associated with the supply and demand of a gasoline substitute, ethanol. The paper provides a synopsis of the article in relation to economic theory and explains why changes have occurred in the supply, demand and price of ethanol. The paper examines the invisible hand theory that is proposed to facilitate the equilibrium of price and demand. The paper concludes that understanding how economic conditions affect the marketplace provides managers with vital tools necessary for making effective business decisions.
Outline:
Abstract
Economic Issue
Economic Influences
Supply and Demand
The Invisible Hand Theory
Conclusion
From the Paper "Pearlstein, the author of the article, reports that the price for ethanol has reached an all time high of $2.90 per gallon which is twice as high as a year ago. With the manufacturing cost around $1.25 per gallon, the operating margin exceeds 50%. Ethanol is a colorless, volatile alcohol derived from the fermentation of grains and sugars or by the hydration of ethylene. Ethanol can serve as an environmentally friendly substitute for gasoline. Many oil companies are exploring options for production of ethanol to mix it with gasoline to reduce costs. Data indicate that adding ethanol to gasoline would reduce current prices at the pump by 30 cents per gallon (Donaldson, 2006 12)."
Abstract The paper discusses how economic issues, such as escalating oil prices, and environmental problems, such as global warming, can potentially be addressed by the ethanol market. The paper looks at arguments for and against this source of energy. The paper maintains that global research and development are necessary in order to determine the true benefits and dangers of replacing conventional fuels with ethanol compounds.
From the Paper "According to Eckhart, there are three main drivers for the general renewable energy market, and for the ethanol market specifically. These include environmental concerns, economic factors, and national energy consumption trends. In terms of the environment, air, land and water pollution is fast becoming a crisis. According to environmentalists, no time can be wasted to research renewable energy sources. The environmental driver is likely to become increasingly urgent over the next decades, increasing the need for renewable and cleaner energy sources."
Abstract The paper discusses the strong reliance on other countries for fossil fuels and the problem of global warming that has encouraged many to promote the use of ethanol as a natural renewable energy source. The paper looks carefully at this alternative and how it compares to other energy sources. The paper discusses how it takes considerable energy to produce ethanol and could divert corn and soybeans from the nation's food supply thus causing a food crisis. The paper stresses the need to look carefully at this alternative and explore all its potential ramifications before any far-reaching decisions are made.
From the Paper "This year more than ever, Americans are beginning to be concerned about alternative fuels, do to the possibility of global warming, the significant increase of gasoline for automobiles and other vehicles and the growing tendency toward green concerns. Deciding on what alternatives of fuel to use, for automobiles for example, is not easy. There are a number of factors to consider that are known in addition to a number of unknowns as well. One of the alternatives that has been receiving considerable coverage this past year is ethanol. Similar to other options, however, it too has its plusses and minuses."
Abstract The paper discusses the possibilities of using ethanol as an alternative fuel in vehicles. It examines the chemical composition, procedure of preparation and blending, as well as the pros and cons of using the substance, from an economic, environmental and practical point of view.
From the Paper "Any biological feedstocks that contain certain amounts of sugar or any material that can be converted into sugars such as cellulose and starch can be used to produce ethanol. Some examples could be sugar and sugar cane. Starch containing feedstocks such as corn can also be converted into sugar. A plant is significantly composed of a substance called cellulose which is a form of starch that can also be converted into sugar but with greater difficulty compared to the regular starch."
A discussion on studies to date conducted to determine the overall incidence of AIDS, common treatment protocols, and what part ethanol consumption can play in mitigating this incidence.
Abstract The paper discusses a study to test the hypothesis that ethanol offers a potential treatment method in myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury, with particular reference to patients with AIDS. The paper presents the results of the study together with a summary of the research, salient conclusions and recommendations for healthcare providers.
Outline:
Introduction
Review of Related Literature
Methodology
Data Analysis
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
From the Paper "In patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), also affected by myocardial infarction or undergoing surgical procedures, the severity of the several complications that could develop is associated with acute ischemia reperfusion injury (Redmond et al., 2000, Van Tol and Hendricks, 2001). This makes it relevant to target an efficient potential treatment method in myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury, with particular reference to patience with AIDS. Moderate consumption of ethanol is known to offer myocardial protective effects (Sacco et al, 1999). Furthermore, Miyamae, et al, 1997, suggest that regular ethanol consumption could also offer protection in ischemia reperfusion injury. "
A research proposal examining the hypothesis that ethanol offers a potential treatment method in myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury, with particular reference to patients with AIDS.
Abstract This research proposal paper discusses myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in AIDS patients. It also looks at potential therapeutic treatment for AIDS patients. The paper specifically tests the hypothesis that ethanol offers a potential treatment method in myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury, with particular reference to patients with AIDS.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Chapter 1: Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Scope of Study
Rationale of Study
Overview of Study
Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature
Chapter 3: Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Data-gathering Method and Database of Study
Chapter 4: Data Analysis
Chapter 5: Current Treatment in AIDS Chapter 6: Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
From the Paper "In addition to research recommendations, economic research on the benefits of the cure need to be considered. Because a major problem with the treatment of AIDS symptoms and HIV prevention is the affordability of medication, especially in AIDS-ridden third world countries, researchers must determine whether or not ethanol is an affordable measure. If it is not an affordable measure for the treatment of AIDS symptoms, researchers should decide whether to pour more resources into discovering the benefits of ethanol in addition to increasing its affordability or to use current research about ethanol alcohol to contemplate other methods for treating HIV and AIDS that may be more affordable."
