Abstract
This paper discusses the issue of cellulosic ethanol and how it has not always been handled accurately in the media. The paper explains where the technology stands right now and points out that Europe is proceeding faster than the U.S. in capitalizing on it.

From the Paper
"High energy costs in recent years, coupled with the desire to become less dependent as a nation on oil from the Middle East, have generated renewed interest in alternative fuels. Ethanol blends have been available for years, but most recently the potential of cellulosic ethanol has been spotlighted as a promising alternative to fossil-based fuels. Like manytopics that have been the object of enthusiastic public scrutiny and interest, however, the issue of cellulosic ethanol has been misappropriated by some and not always treated from..."

Tags:ethanol, media, Kerry, Bush, cellulosic, production, technology

Abstract
This paper explores the possibility of using ethanol as a fuel made from renewable crops. In particular, the paper looks at cellulosic ethanol, which can be produced from agricultural, municipal and forestry waste, corn stalks, sawdust, and waste paper. The author provides a short write up on the chemical qualities and characteristics of ethanol and mentions other countries such as Brazil that have been using ethanol as fuel. The paper advocates the environmental advantages of using ethanol as a renewable alternative fuel and suggests that there should be more support for research on ethanol to be used as fuel on a wide scale.

From the Paper
"Rumplestiltskin, a well-known fairy tale, tells about a poor miller's daughter who must spin straw into gold or die. Magic only can help her. Today, with rapidly rising gasoline prices, many Americans hope alternative fuels will soon be developed--and are hoping for some similar kind of magic. Bio-fuels could offer the solution to the problem, particularly ethanol. The challenge is to find cost-effective ways to make ethanol out of such renewable resources as corn, soybeans, sugarcane, the stems and leaves of plants, forest cuttings, wood chips, and all the non-food parts of crops that currently are burned or buried."

Tags:renewable fuel, recycling

Abstract
This paper explores the progress of ethanol as a fuel derived from renewable crops. It particularly focuses on cellulosic ethanol, which can be produced from agricultural, municipal and forestry waste, corn stalks, sawdust and waste paper. The paper discusses all of these options, as well as the viability of being able to produce enough to significantly reduce the United States dependence on foreign oil.

Table of Contents:
History of Ethanol
Current Uses of Ethanol
Arguments For and Against Ethanol as a Major Alternative Fuel
Retooling for Ethanol
Conclusion

From the Paper
"United States would require an "area of energy crops as large as the current area of food crops grown in the United States. Additional land use of this magnitude would be staggering and contentious" (p. 18). According to Haroon S. Kheshgi, an engineer for EXXonMobil Research, nothing will replace petroleum because to run an average U. S. car with corn-derived ethanol for a year would require 14 acres of cropland--about nine times more land than is needed to feed one person the same length of time. Aside from the fact that Kheshgi is invested in the oil industry, this argument, does not consider the use of agricultural waste products as the source or use of the by-products of distilling ethanol. If the land were still used to grow food, and the wastes were used for ethanol, benefits to the environment would be great. Also, if hydrogen power is the ultimate goal, ethanol could be "part of a transition strategy for shifting from today's internal combustion engine technology to tomorrow's hydrogen-based engines" (Issues in Science & Technology, 2002, p. 17)."

Tags:cellulosic, alcohol, agriculture

Abstract
The paper deals with the impact of external forces of developmental innovation on the management strategies and processes of oil companies. The paper highlights how adoption of new innovation strategies can be difficult to apply for a major industry like the oil industry at the same time as highlighting the advantages that the oil industry could have by adopting the newer innovation strategies. The paper also deals with the appropriateness of the timing, speed and application of the innovation strategies within the oil industry.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Analyzing Industry Environment through Innovative Business Management
Analyzing Competition within the Industry
Timing of Innovation
Innovation Speed
The Impact of Corporate Culture on Innovation
The Use of Core Competence as an Innovation Method
Internal Innovation
Research and Development
The Speed of Marketing the Innovated Product
The Relationship between Innovation and Organizational Success
The Impact of Innovation on Organizational Capabilities
The Relationship between Experience and Innovation
Strategic Planning and Innovation
The Strategic Planning Model Developed by Bryson
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The production of ethanol also leads to the release of aldehydes and alcohol in the environment which is harmful as they are cancer-causing chemicals. After the production of ethanol was inspected, the chemicals and gases released into the atmosphere were found to be quite detrimental for the environment. As even the plowing, planting, cultivation and transportation of corn takes up petroleum energy, ethanol can not be considered to be a safe alternate energy source and neither is it environmentally friendly as it contributes to a lot of environmental pollution."

Tags:competition, cellulosic ethanol, core competence, culture, organizational knowledge

Abstract
This paper argues that the large-scale diversion of food-crops towards bio-fuels is an ill-advised move that could have catastrophic consequences against little gain. The paper reveals that the large-scale diversion of food crops such as corn for producing ethanol has resulted in sky-rocketing food prices around the world. The paper also discusses the indirect effects of producing ethanol that arguably results in greater emission of carbon-dioxide as large forested areas, particularly in the Amazon, are cleared for growing crops. The paper argues further that corn-based ethanol is an unviable proposition, mainly because the ethanol would anyway only fulfill a minuscule amount of the total gasoline requirement in the country. The paper therefore concludes that producing corn-based ethanol is simply not worth the human suffering and environmental damage it can cause.

Outline:
Rising Grain and Food Prices
Effect on the Amazon
Corn-based Ethanol is Unviable
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Barely a couple of years ago bio ethanol fuel was the undisputed 'darling' of environmentalists and government policy makers alike. It was being touted as a clean and renewable alternative to fossil fuels that would tame the galloping oil prices, cure the United State's 'addiction' to imported oil, and control the on-going global warming threatening the world's environment. The overenthusiastic proponents of bio-fuels had obviously not catered for the unintended consequences of an untried policy. The large-scale diversion of food crops such as corn for producing ethanol has resulted in sky-rocketing food prices around the world, and precipitated the worst food crisis in decades."

Tags:grain, food, prices, agriculture, Amazon, environment, energy

Abstract
This paper discusses the production of bio-ethanol fuel as an alternative to fossil fuels, in Brazil. The paper begins by giving a summary of the political and economic background of Brazil and goes on to describe why the production of bio-ethanol has been so successful in Brazil. The paper presents the pros and cons of bio-ethanol production and concludes that, at this stage, the advantages of producing ethanol for fuel use appear to outweigh the disadvantages.

From the Paper
"Overall, the advantages of producing ethanol for fuel use appear to outweigh the disadvantages, which at this stage, are believed to be manageable. The first benefit is the decrease of the net output of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, since the amount of carbon dioxide released in the manufacture would be cyclically absorbed in the production of the new fuel crops (Wikipedia 2006). The burning of fossil fuels brings up massive amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere without creating damage. But this advantage can be derived only from agricultural ethanol, not petroleum ethanol. It is also assumed that production processes, like distillation and fertilizer production, would not exact large amounts of energy and done without using fossil fuels (Wikipedia)."

Tags:fossil, butanol, contamination

Abstract
The paper explains the limitations and disadvantages of using petroleum and discusses the interest of American consumers in switching to automobiles powered by ethanol. The paper also looks at the position of the government and oil companies and looks at the subgroups of consumers and framers who would be the most affected. In addition, the paper discusses the drawbacks of using ethanol but concludes with a personal position that supports ethanol as a long-tern alternative.

Outline:
Problems with Petroleum
Existing Market for Petroleum and Ethanol
Causes in Market Shifts
Response of Companies and the Government
Subgroups Affected
Conclusions of Experts
My Personal Position

From the Paper
"Not only is petroleum a depleting resource, but vehicle emissions running on petroleum have created a pollution problem in the United States and most of the industrialized world. These emissions have increased the green house gases in the earth's atmosphere and in turn have led to global warming. Billionaire businessman Ted Turner has helped bring this issue to the forefront of the energy debate, stating, "'I think dealing with climate change is going to be the biggest single challenge humanity has ever faced, and we're facing it now'" (Dittrick, 2007, p. 26)."

Tags:environment, greenhouse, gases, oil, fuel, biofuel

Abstract
This paper examines three issues concerning the metabolism of ethanol, one of the major forms of alcohol, and then compares how the ethanol found in beer is metabolized to how the ethanol found in the over-the-counter cold suppressant, Nyquil, gets metabolized.

From the Paper
"Although this research project concerns the metabolism of ethanol, one of the three major forms of alcohol, the major topic will discuss three distinct yet similar issues concerning the metabolism of ethanol. The first issue is the means by which the liver metabolizes ethanol the second and third issues discuss the variances involved when comparing how ethanol found in beer is metabolized with the ethanol found in one of the more popular cough suppressants. For simplicity and clarity the cough syrup being used in this study is Nyquil...."

Tags:Liver, metabolism, nyquil, beer, alcohol

Abstract
Discusses benefits of ethanol as a renewable fuel & valuable resource. Fuel Cell technology. Internal combustion engine & exhaust problems of air pollution. Expansion of ethanol use. "Flex-fuel" vehicles. How fuel cells work. Effect on environment. Need to use ethanol as a fuel resource, not as a waste product.

From the Paper
"Ethanol, once considered a hazardous waste product of many industrial processes is no longer viewed in that light. Now, it is a valuable resource, much sought after, particular in fuel cell technology (Ethanol as a renewable fuel, 2000). The internal combustion engine gains its energy from the heat released during the combustion of the non-reacted working fluids, the oxidizer-fuel mixer (Britannica, 2000). The process occurs within the engine, and is a part of the thermodynamic cycle of the device. Useful work generated by the internal combustion engine results from the hot, gaseous products of combustion acting on moving surfaces of the engine, such as the face of a piston, a turbine blade, or a nozzle.


The most common example of the internal combustion engine, the intermittent combustion engine, is characterized by periodic..."

Abstract
This paper stresses that the world's dependency upon petroleum and other fossil fuels comprises an energy scenario that cannot be sustained; therefore, the development and endorsement of biofuels, and in particular of cellulose-based ethanol, are being heralded as an eventual replacement for gasoline. However, from the literature review, the author continues the pattern of resource depletion and the resultant imbalance of demand over supply in the oil market would be demonstrated in even more directly problematic consequences in a dominant global biofuel industry. Therefore, the paper concludes that an alternative fuel source other than biofuels must be pursued as a replacement for the current global dependency on petroleum.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
Discussion
Recommendations and Conclusion

From the Paper
"These detractions are not devised in any way to suggest that biofuel is not a viable means of alternative energy dependency patterns. Quite to the contrary, this appears as one of the most realistic transitional steps toward the use of a cleaner burning fuel in powering transportation, industrial and recreational demands. However, there emerges an often unspoken threat in the transition suggested by supporters of biofuel, which closely associates the political and economic trespasses of petroleum production with those of corn ethanol."

Tags:degradation yield-inefficiency, fuel crops, conversion process, food prices