Abstract This paper explores the progress of ethanol as a fuel derived from renewable crops. It particularly focuses on cellulosic ethanol, which can be produced from agricultural, municipal and forestry waste, corn stalks, sawdust and waste paper. The paper discusses all of these options, as well as the viability of being able to produce enough to significantly reduce the United States dependence on foreign oil.
Table of Contents:
History of Ethanol
Current Uses of Ethanol
Arguments For and Against Ethanol as a Major Alternative Fuel
Retooling for Ethanol
Conclusion
From the Paper "United States would require an "area of energy crops as large as the current area of food crops grown in the United States. Additional land use of this magnitude would be staggering and contentious" (p. 18). According to Haroon S. Kheshgi, an engineer for EXXonMobil Research, nothing will replace petroleum because to run an average U. S. car with corn-derived ethanol for a year would require 14 acres of cropland--about nine times more land than is needed to feed one person the same length of time. Aside from the fact that Kheshgi is invested in the oil industry, this argument, does not consider the use of agricultural waste products as the source or use of the by-products of distilling ethanol. If the land were still used to grow food, and the wastes were used for ethanol, benefits to the environment would be great. Also, if hydrogen power is the ultimate goal, ethanol could be "part of a transition strategy for shifting from today's internal combustion engine technology to tomorrow's hydrogen-based engines" (Issues in Science & Technology, 2002, p. 17)."
Abstract This paper discusses the differences between hemp and marijuana, focusing on "hemp stalk" as a major product which is fiber and cellulose-rich to develop into consumer goods. The writer of this paper suggests for governmental agencies to take a look at multiple approaches from some different sides of the story on hemp, not merely work on the argument of legalization of marijuana.
From the Paper "Hemp stalk is the major product, which is fiber and cellulose-rich to develop into consumer goods. This product is different from marijuana. Thevenof says, people know hemp to be a good material for paper products since it produces pulp four times higher than tree per acre. Hemp is found to be "the strongest, easiest [fiber crop] to grow" and it easily grows in many areas. Hemp will be mature enough to harvest in 100 days, which is considered economical to replace all costs in tree growing, cutting and sawmill to supply paper factories. As it is rich in fiber, hemp would also make good source for fashion and apparel that gives strong and soft fiber comfortable to wear. Hurds hemp is also suitable for cattle feed since it has competitive biomass rate and lower operation cost to provide animal beddings, and other countries like England, France and the Netherlands have applied. Hemp is also rich in Omega-3 fatty acids, which would be a good option as food material, or more likely to be "strategic agricultural resources" as it made more than $50 million annual sales.?
Abstract This paper discusses the movement to a casual, if not sloppy, style of dress, with popular sportswear plastered with the manufacturer's name. The paper points out the importance of a new, manufactured cellulose fiber, Tencel lyocell, whose manufacturing process is non-polluting, and its application in popular active sportswear. The paper relates that the "Casual Friday" look has expanded to the whole week, although the suit has not disappear entirely from the workplace, but is often worn with a mock turtleneck or even a T-shirt instead of a dress shirt.
From the Paper "The relaxed attitude toward dressing during the 1990s was evident in trends like see-through blouses for women. Business casual became widely accepted. Fashion and corporate logos merged. Designer names were everywhere. There were many who argued that the North American obsession with fashion, youth, and beauty had gone too far. Images of beauty were constantly thrust in front of us through billboards, TV, movies, and magazines. Most of these images had been computer-enhanced. A wide range of fashions was available - yet strangely, everything looked much the same."
Abstract This paper explains that Enron, which started in 1985 with the merger of Houston Natural Gas Company of Houston, Texas, and the natural gas company, InterNorth, based in Omaha, Nebraska, originally operated interstate gas pipelines but, in 1989, diversified into trading energy-related products. The author points out that, in addition to its trading in energy, Enron started trading in cellulose, pulp, paper, fertilizer, plastic, metals, and bandwidth. By 1999, Enron was involved in nearly a quarter of the energy deals worldwide. The paper relates that Enron's central strategy was to use totally the financial and derivatives in the market to acquire any commodities, from oil and natural gas to electric power generation and pipeline capacity, broadband communication, and freight capacity of modular containers, all at any price demanded. This corporate greed led to its downfall.
From the Paper "Enron launched the New Power Company, the first national energy service in May 2000 along with its new strategic investors IBM and America Online. The New Power Company was created to provide energy services for residential and small businesses in the US, where deregulations in the energy market were introduced. In early 2001, Jeff Skilling took over as Enron's chief executive officer from Ken Lay. In October 2001, the tables were turned again and Ken Lay returned as chief executive officer with Jeff Skilling having resigned in August. Shortly afterwards in 2002 investigations into corporate crimes and accountancy fraud were initiated on Enron leading to sharp share prices fall and the collapse of the Enron empire."
Abstract This paper discusses the use of wood and plastic. The paper outlines the history of both materials and examines the current usage of wood and plastic in today's world. Additionally, the paper presents the advantages and disadvantages for each material, in terms of price comparisons, means of production, the ability to recycle products made from the material and ease of use.
From the Paper "According to researchers at the University of Madrid, recent discoveries of old stone tools in Penini, Madrid, which bore traces of acacia wood on their blades, show humans utilizing wood as far back as 1.5 million years ago. Previous estimates showed wood use beginning only 500,000 years ago near Germany and England, with the oldest wood implement being a set of spruce spears, dated 400,000 years ago (Schuster, 36). On the other hand, plastics are a relatively new substance, coming into existence in the late 1850's. Alexander Parkes, a British inventor, is discussed as the inventor of plastics with his creation of the first semi-synthetic material, cellulose nitrate. Following many financial hardships and material failure, Parkes exhibited the world's first plastics at the world fair in 1862."
Abstract This paper explains that transforming the concept of creating a green building, which interacts with the planet's ecosystem, into a coherent, rational and specific plan and constructing it is a challenge. The author points out that the conditions of a green building design process are low construction impact, resource efficiency through the life of the building, long lasting, nontoxic and aesthetically pleasing. The paper relates that choosing wood, especially large timbers, for a green home may seem odd; however, wood is the greenest of green building materials because it is a dense collection of cellulose that is strong, flexible, and eminently workable and is a renewable resource.
Table of Contents:
Introduction: A Wealthy Celebrity's Green Dream
The Location: The Inland Pacific Northwest
The Design: Materials and Structure
The Design: Peripheral Systems
Conclusions: The Green Home
From the Paper "With the client's requirements in mind, the site considerations, and the aforementioned green building criteria, I have determined that the most appropriate building style for this site will be pole construction, in which large round timbers provide the skeletal support structure on which the roof and floors are hung. Pole construction has the benefit of being easily adaptable to most sites, including the steep site that the client owns. In addition, the simplicity of the construction method means that both material and labor costs are reduced dramatically, further limiting resource and energy depletion."
Abstract The writer notes that the objective of the laboratory describe in the paper is to observe mobile cells and their characteristics. Three distinct samples are viewed: plant cells from an Elodea leaf, a eukaryotic animal cell called Tetrahymena pyriformis, and myofibrils from a rabbit muscle. The writer points out that when movement is detected in the plant and animal cells, it can lead to calculations of speed. Both intracellular and inter-cellular movement is exemplified in the samples. The writer notes that cells are not only observed under natural conditions, but also after biochemical alterations. The effects of these biochemical changes are also noted. The addition of methyl cellulose enables more accurate observation of the animal cells, since it reduces their speed. The writer concludes that when the ATP was added, the decrease in size proved that the myofibrils are responsible for the muscular function and that the muscle is dependant on the myofibrils successfully working together. However, each cluster of myofibrils appeared to be structurally independent, meaning it was not connected to any other cluster.
Outline:
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Discussion
References
From the Paper "The Tetrahymena cells were all similar in size, and were either circular or elliptical in shape. Their nuclei and cytoplasms were clearly seen, but any other organelles were difficult to distinguish. Whether they moved horizontally, vertically or diagonally, linear motion was consistent in all the cells. It also seemed like they each one followed a unique path across the field of view. After adding methyl cellulose to these cells, their movement became significantly slower, and deceleration continued until the cells stopped moving altogether. However, their movement also became random, sporadic and generally unpredictable, since they did not seem to be following any particular path. As well, some cells began moving in a circular motion, as if around an axis, and many cells began to gather in large groups once they stopped moving."
Abstract The paper deals with the impact of external forces of developmental innovation on the management strategies and processes of oil companies. The paper highlights how adoption of new innovation strategies can be difficult to apply for a major industry like the oil industry at the same time as highlighting the advantages that the oil industry could have by adopting the newer innovation strategies. The paper also deals with the appropriateness of the timing, speed and application of the innovation strategies within the oil industry.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Analyzing Industry Environment through Innovative Business Management
Analyzing Competition within the Industry
Timing of Innovation
Innovation Speed
The Impact of Corporate Culture on Innovation
The Use of Core Competence as an Innovation Method
Internal Innovation
Research and Development
The Speed of Marketing the Innovated Product
The Relationship between Innovation and Organizational Success
The Impact of Innovation on Organizational Capabilities
The Relationship between Experience and Innovation
Strategic Planning and Innovation
The Strategic Planning Model Developed by Bryson
Conclusion
From the Paper "The production of ethanol also leads to the release of aldehydes and alcohol in the environment which is harmful as they are cancer-causing chemicals. After the production of ethanol was inspected, the chemicals and gases released into the atmosphere were found to be quite detrimental for the environment. As even the plowing, planting, cultivation and transportation of corn takes up petroleum energy, ethanol can not be considered to be a safe alternate energy source and neither is it environmentally friendly as it contributes to a lot of environmental pollution."
Abstract This paper explores the possibility of using ethanol as a fuel made from renewable crops. In particular, the paper looks at cellulosic ethanol, which can be produced from agricultural, municipal and forestry waste, corn stalks, sawdust, and waste paper. The author provides a short write up on the chemical qualities and characteristics of ethanol and mentions other countries such as Brazil that have been using ethanol as fuel. The paper advocates the environmental advantages of using ethanol as a renewable alternative fuel and suggests that there should be more support for research on ethanol to be used as fuel on a wide scale.
From the Paper "Rumplestiltskin, a well-known fairy tale, tells about a poor miller's daughter who must spin straw into gold or die. Magic only can help her. Today, with rapidly rising gasoline prices, many Americans hope alternative fuels will soon be developed--and are hoping for some similar kind of magic. Bio-fuels could offer the solution to the problem, particularly ethanol. The challenge is to find cost-effective ways to make ethanol out of such renewable resources as corn, soybeans, sugarcane, the stems and leaves of plants, forest cuttings, wood chips, and all the non-food parts of crops that currently are burned or buried."
