Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses Cleopatra and notes that while she is perhaps the first and most famous female celebrity in history, her status as a person is hardly a thing of recorded fact. The writer points out that hers is an image drawn to us by Liz Taylor in celluloid, William Shakespeare in theatricality and stoic ancient sculptures, inanimate features in a British Museum. The writer maintains that on one hand an exemplar of the earliest feminist potential of powerful women and on the other a deceitful temptress who used her womanly charms to exploit the weaknesses of men, these two versions of Cleopatra are the products of two decidedly divergent purposes. The writer discusses that though there are surviving views of Cleopatra, especially in Egyptian history and feminist teaching, as an important and effective leader, with certain aspects of global history affirming such ideas, they are often pushed to the periphery of a characterization which is more consistent with the arguably misogynistic depictions in literature.

From the Paper
"When one then considers the history of a prominent woman, an even greater alertness to an opportunistic subjectivity in historiographical perspective must be employed. Multiple histories on one subject are usually the result of cultural, political and ideological perspective. This is to say that the stories which survive the obscuring of passing time are most often those told by the victor and, moreover, these stories will be reshaped as they age as per the evolving purposes of their maintenance. So with regard to the treatment of women in historiographical review, it is often synonymous with the actual treatment of women throughout history. More often then not, prominent feminine historical icons have been those which exist in our annals in spite of prevailing sociological trends toward a patriarchal order. This standard may either play a substantial role in the notoriety of the figure, with her exploits against the conventional view of women drawn explicitly in her story, or it may exist in subtextual premises which have come to define her legend. The latter of these two cases is that which divides historians on the characterization of Cleopatra."

Tags:Egyptian, leader, woman, temptress, ruler

Abstract
This paper details the history of the film industry, including its founders, Eadwaerd Muybridge, inventor of the Zoopraxiscope and Etienne-Jules Marey, the inventor of chronophotography. It further describes the Kinetoscope Parlors, where movies were first exhibited commercially. The paper researches the 'Golden Age' of cinema in Hollywood, starting from the introduction of sound to movies and the use of the movie studio. The paper concludes with an examination of modern-day technologies, such as cell animation, claymation, scale modeling, and the use of computer generated images for special effects.

From the Paper
"This was, in fact, the world's first 'movie machine', in which a series of images could be projected on to a screen made for the purpose. In 1879, Eadwaerd Muynaird, not to be outdone, invented his own 'Zoopraxiscope', which would be able to display his 'stop action' strips of photographs. This turned out to be a primitive motion picture projection machine, which would be able to recreate movement by projecting images in an extremely rapid fashion, onto a screen. The pictures would be printed on a rotating glass disc."

Tags:kinetophonograph, celluloid, camera, effects

Abstract
This paper analyzes the achievements, marketing strategies, and characteristics of "The New York Sun" and why it turned out to be the most profound paper of its time.

From the Paper
"In the early nineteenth century, Benjamin Henry Day learned the printer's trade in the office of the Springfield republican and later opened a printing office in the city of New York. In 1833, circumstances compelled him to publish his very first copy of The New York Sun and thus introduced the penny press to the residents of the United States. The first edition of this newspaper comprised of four mere pages and the copy was sold for 1c, a price that was far too less compared to the other New York dailies. With the origination of this newspaper came many new changes such as the employment of newsboys. By the year 1835, Sun claimed to have sold 19,360 news copies, the largest in the world. In 1838, Benjamin Henry Day sold the newspaper to his brother in law for $ 40,000 and later founded the monthly Brother Jonathan, which later became the first weekly newspaper in the history of the United States of America."

Tags:celluloid, sheets, shading, plates, color, printing, maps, illustrations, benday, process