Abstract
The paper shows that fuel cells offer tremendous promise and potential as an energy source. Among topics covered in this paper include: How fuel cells operate, why they are cleaner than a combustion powered engine and the research that is currently being conducted to advance this technology. The paper also lays out the roles the federal government, automakers, and oil companies are playing in investing in fuel technology. It also discusses the problems that need to be overcome in order for the use of fuel cells to meet their full potential as an energy source.

From the Paper
"In summary once the fuel cell market begins to take off, the impact can snowball. Using hydrogen to combine such renewable energy sources with highly efficient fuel cell cars would impact many industries such as the automobile, oil, electricity and natural gas. Furthermore, an added benefit of fuel cell will be the elimination of carbon dioxide that are produced by gas powered engines, instead the only by product produced here would be water. In fact this water will be safe enough to drink because it will be pure. Research will continue to advance the potential of fuel cell as a dependable long term energy source."

Tags:conservation, environment, hydrogen, IFC, PEM, Fuels, Cells

Abstract
This paper studies the function and physiology of the place cells of the CA1 area of the hippocampus. The paper reviews the literature on functional studies of these cells, drawing together the information to present a clear picture of what these cells do and how they do it.

From the Paper
"Place cells are the hippocampal pyramidal cells and they derive their name from the fact that they only fire when an animal is in the cell's firing field, i.e. in a part of its environment that the cell responds to."

Tags:place cells, hippocampus entorhinal, parahippocampal

Abstract
This paper discusses the controversial issue of stem cell research in the U.S. It conveys the negativity of using human embryos, but also expresses the positive uses of adult stem cells. The author includes remarks made by President George W. Bush, numerous quotes and reference pages and websites.

From the Paper
"The issue of using stem cells (embryonic and adult) is a heated debate among many citizens of the United States. Many people are against all types of research, but do not understand what it is about or what the research can be used for. There are many points that need to be made so people will know that not all stem cell research is harmful, or destroys human life. Embryonic stem cell research can be, and should be avoided, especially when there are other options available to us. Adult stem cell research is an available option that is being used in all parts of the world to find new discoveries. Once society agrees to certain forms of research, scientists may be able to use the research to obtain cures for numerous diseases."

Tags:adult, cells, diseases, embryonic, research, ethics, u.s., debate, life, science, alzheimer's, parkinson's, extraction, abortion

Abstract
The different types of stem cell research involve the use of human eggs - and embryos - as intermediates and are at the center of controversy as to whether it should be considered human life. Recent advances are attempting to produce non-embryonic stem cells as well as address the said issue. This paper discusses the nature of stem cells, what they are, how they are produced and the issues surrounding them.

From the Paper
"Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the potential to develop and proliferate into more specialized cells such as neurons or skin cells. These specialized somatic cells comprise the different tissues and organs of the human body. The cloning process currently in use involves the use of the cellular machinery of an egg cell and the genetic material encoded in the nucleus of a somatic cell called somatic cell nuclear transplant (SCNT). First, the egg cell is secured to stabilize it. A needle is inserted into the egg to extract the nucleus and DNA."

Tags:stem, cell, ethics

Abstract
This paper is a proposal for a paper on stem cell research that focuses on the difference in plasticity between adult and embryonic stem cells and researches which type of stem cell has yielded the greater medical breakthroughs.

From the Paper
"Controversy over stem cell research has heretofore focused primarily on the ethics of destroying living embryos to supply embryonic stem cell research with biomaterial. This paper will examine the separate but related issue of the efficacy of embryonic stem cell research. The research question to be addressed is; "Are embryonic stem cells actually a more effective research medium than adult stem cells for scientific research and medical breakthrough?" Inherent in this question is the issue of stem cell plasticity-the relative ability of a stem cell to..."

Tags:stem cell, Simoncini, adult, embryonic, proposal

Abstract
A two-part paper which defines what cells are and explains their molecular content. It links these points with how single celled organisms pass through a series of stages as they grow, replicate their DNA, prepare, divide up the copies of the DNA molecules and divide again. The paper then moves to Darwin's theory of 'natural selection' and DNA tampering.

From the Paper
"A cell is a small, membrane-bound compartment that contains chemicals and molecules. Although all living organisms are made up of cells, all organisms are not alike. The structure of cells is a very important step in understanding how an organism's life is supported. Cells are the building blocks of organisms. Some organisms consist of a single cell, while other organisms are made up of multiple cells. A bacterium, for example, is a single-celled organism, while a human is a multicelled organism."

Tags:cell, cellular, organism, dna, molecule, darwin

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses diseases treated with stem cells, related ethical considerations and also effects on cancer research. This is followed by a summary and conclusions.

From the Paper
"The following presents a discussion of stem cell research and the use of stem cells. Questions addressed regard diseases treated with stem cells ethical considerations and effects on cancer research. This is followed by a summary and conclusions. If stem cells can be used to create tissues other than nerves and neurons what other kinds of diseases might become treatable. Stem cells have a great impact on the biology of multi-cellular organisms and they can be used to regenerate damaged tissue ensure functioning maintain tissues that ..."

Tags:stem, cell

Abstract
This paper compares two technologies, photovoltaic cells and solar thermal power plants, both providing energy from solar radiation, but by different means and in different degrees. It looks at how the photovoltaic cell is used in limited situations for powering small appliances and how solar thermal power plants are able to produce much more energy for use on a widespread basis by consumers, industry and entire countries. The relative costs are noted, along with economies that will be realized once these systems are more widely used.

From the Paper
"This report summarizes two related technologies, the photovoltaic cell and the solar thermal power plant, both methods of producing energy from solar radiation. The photovoltaic cell is used in limited situations for powering small appliances, and solar thermal power plants are able to produce much more energy for use on a widespread basis by consumers, industry, and entire countries. The relative costs are noted, along with economies that will be realized once these systems are more widely used. Introduction One of the great unknowns in American energy policy remains the extent to which solar energy in its various forms will contribute to the nation's energy supply in the future. After the oil, embargo in 1973, considerable interest was expressed in solar energy as a potential way of producing energy and of reducing dependence on foreign oil. "

Tags:photovoltaic, cell, energy

Abstract
This paper analyzes the benefits of hydrogen fuel cells and what transportation companies are investing in research and development for these technological advances. The paper further states that rather than examining only one company, it considers several and their various approaches. Two scholarly journals and one book were used in the analysis.

From the Paper
"The 21st century global marketplace has been witness to the advent of numerous technological advances in an effort to create efficiency and reduce the cost of utilizing expensive energy resources. Environmental policy has also played an important role in the legitimacy of large corporations primarily due to the alarming increase in global warming. As the world becomes closer to its neighbors through free-market trade, the relevance of environmental accountability becomes even more paramount. With oil rices rapidly increasing and technological advances in the synthesis of energy resources, the transportation industry is becoming..."

Tags:hydrogen, fuel, cell

Abstract
The paper discusses stem cells in human development, a specialized topic in developmental biology, focusing on potential cures for fetal malformations, via stem cell therapies and stem cells characteristics in general. The paper notes that the most promising use of stem cells is their ability to serve as a potential source of replacement cells to treat numerous diseases, such as Parkinson''s disease, Alzheimer's disease, ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), cancer, and heart disease. The paper further notes that any disease in which there is tissue degeneration can be a potential candidate for stem cell therapies, including spinal cord injury, stroke, burns, heart disease, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, muscular dystrophy and liver disease. The paper includes photographs.

Outline:
Abstract
What are Stem Cells?
Types of Stem Cells
Embryonic Germ Layers From Which Differentiated Tissues Develop,
Mechanisms of Action:
Characteristics and Potential Uses
Hematopoietic and Stromal Stem Cell Differentiation
Human Embryonic Germ Cells
Human Adult Stem Cells
Summary of Animal Experiments
Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
Bovine Embryonic Stem Cells' Studies
Primate Embryonic Stem Cells' Studies
Miscellaneous Animal Studies
Migration of Transplanted Human Cells
Survival of hCNS-derived neurospheres in the ischemic brain.
In Utero Stem Cell Therapy - Stem Cell Transplantation in the Fetus
Ontogeny of Hematopoiesis in Humans
In Utero Stem Cell Therapy in the Mouse
Conclusions

From the Paper
"Embryonic stem cells are difficult to control, as they behave in an unstable manner resulting in unexpected results as they divide, or even cancerous growths. They are indeed more difficult to maintain and expand in culture (Van Blerkom, 1994). ES differ substantially from the stem cells found within the fully developed adult where they can be totally quiescent. Human ES cells may cause an immune reaction when transplanted into people, which means cells used in treatment may be rapidly destroyed unless they are protected by giving medication to suppress the immune system. It appears though that if stem cells were someday to be used for the treatment of disease, there would be greater advantage in using ES cells. "

Tags:reproducing, variation, multiple, tissue, types, researchers, embryonic