Abstract
The cell engulfs food oxygen and lets out carbon dioxide yet everything must go through the cell membrane which is also the total surface area of the cell. This paper discusses metabollic processes within the cell and how these processes affect the cell's size.

From the Paper
"The nucleus and cytoplasm use oxygen and food while producing waste through volume and weight. At times, the cell needs more membrane space in order to provide greater area for intake of oxygen and food and to release waste. However, as the cell grows larger, the ratio of the total surface area-weight ratio decreases. In other words, the greater cell content needs more oxygen and food than the membrane can take in and produces more waste than the membrane can release; its hydrophobic interior excludes the aqueous solutions of the cytoplasm and the external environment. "Although a large cell would be able to withstand more metabolic reactions (due to its larger volume) than a smaller cell, the larger..."

Tags:cell, photosynthesis, anaerobes

Abstract
This paper defines stem cells as primal undifferentiated cells which retain the ability to separate into other cell types which can be used as a repair mechanism to reproduce cells and repair systems in the body. The writer examines the negative side of stem cell research contending that there is evidence which states that the impact of this type of research on the human immune system as well as overall genetic growth will eventually decline. This paper also discusses the moral and ethical merits of stem cell research which is currently rife with controversy. Politics plays a large role in stem cell development, mainly due to funding. The writer contends that stem cells are too dangerous to be carelessly used and applied to the human race, while its continued research might be slightly beneficial, in the current stage the harms far outweigh the benefits.

From the Paper
"The first step in analyzing the effects of stem cell research is through the scientific perspective. Stem cell research is important for the advancement of science because of its ability to replicate exact copies of different cells. Stem cells are obtained from a clone of the specific patient's cells, and thus have a genetically identical fit with a stem cell. This cell then has the ability to produce either missing tissue, or even an entire organ that will allow the patient to function as normal. Unlike transplants within the body that could be rejected by the immune system if there is a possibility of incompatibility, the stem cell created organ is a perfect construction of the body's organ and thus will be accepted as the original inside the patient's body. This is why stem cell research is so highly touted, it allows for a new frontier of technology in the health sciences industry."

Tags:science, controversy, ethics, moral, social, medical, stem, cell, political, debate, funding

Abstract
This paper covers the major pathways by which foreign antigens are identified and dealt with through the adaptive immune response which is paramount on B-cell and T-cell responses and interaction with one another in distinct pathways and steps. It includes several diagrams and their explanations of antigens, B-Cells, T-Cells, APC's and more and their interactions and processes they go through.

From the Paper
"All immune responses involving T-cell B-cell collaborations follow distinct pathways of interactions and development. These very pathways of the adaptive immune response are almost entirely dependant on the cellular interaction of B- cells and T- cells with one another. It is within each stage of these pathways and the progression of an adaptive immune response that we will concern ourselves. The following is a condensed synopsis of the adaptive immune response and the cellular interactions that will be the emphasis of this paper. Within secondary lymph tissues foreign antigen is presented to naive B-cells via their surface immunoglobulins (Igs) receptors. The same antigen is also presented to naive T-cells at this time. This presentation and subsequent recognition of antigen by both types of cells results in and end product of proliferation and development of naive B-cells into plasma cells whose function is the production of soluble immunoglobulins (antibodies), and the differentiation and development of memory B-cells whose function is to respond to subsequent exposure to the same antigen. However, this pathway is not self-sufficient and requires the direct interaction of activated T-cells, specifically "helper" T-cells (Th2 cells) 1,9. It is these T-cells in conjunction with the antigen presenting B-cells that interact to produce a hormonal response to infection. These interactions activate Th2 cells that in turn promote B-cell activation both through T-cell secreted cytokines, (interlukeinI1-2, 4 and 5), and also through direct cell to cell contacts involving specific surface proteins and corresponding receptors and the signaling initiated by the binding of these proteins to one another."

Tags:B-Cell, T-Cell, immune, system, responses, pathways, antibody, pathogens, vertebrate

Abstract
The paper discusses how advancements in technology has brought about a moral controversy in regards to stem cell use for medical purposes. The paper explains that stem cell research is about how an organism develops out of a single cell and how cells replace themselves when they become damaged. The paper looks at how medical advancements in stem cell research are developing promising therapies to treat a variety of diseases such as: Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, spinal cord injury, stroke, burns, heart disease, diabetes, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis ("Stem Cell Basics", 2008).

From the Paper
"Advancements in technology has brought about a moral controversy in regards to stem cell use for medical purposes. Stem cell research is about how an organism develops out of a single cell and how cells replace themselves when they become damaged. Medical advancements in stem cell research are developing promising therapies to treat a variety of diseases such as: Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, spinal cord injury, stroke, burns, heart disease, diabetes, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis ("Stem Cell Basics", 2008). Stem cells have two characteristics that distinguish them from other..."

Tags:stem, cell, research

Abstract
This paper is a proposal for a paper on stem cell research that clarifies the debate by examining stem cell journals such as "Stem Cells" and "The Oncologist" along with sources outside the medical community such as Dr. Tullio Simoncini and "Natural News" to develop a factual profile of the real properties and potentials of embryonic vs. adult stem cells with respect to their plasticity and the breakthrough modalities other than stem cell research that can offer solutions for serious diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and Parkinson's disease.

From the Paper
"The debate over stem cell research pivots not just on the ethical issue of the destruction of living embryos to supply embryonic stem cell research with biomaterial, but also with the difference in efficacy of stem cell research conducted with embryonic versus adult stem cells. With prominent politicians and celebrities arguing forcefully for the need for embryonic stem cell research, the real issue of stem cell plasticity is largely overlooked and little understood by the general public. Moreover, non-researchers are for the most part unaware..."

Tags:adult stem cell, embryonic stem cell, Tullio Simoncini, Natural News, Know the Cause, cancer, diabetes, Parkinson's, debate, Stem Cells, The Oncologist, plasticity, proposal

Abstract
The paper discusses how a sickle cell is a red blood cell that takes an abnormal shape of a sickle and becomes rigid; this condition is referred to as sickle cell disease or sickle-cell anemia. The paper relates that this illness is caused by a genetic mutation in the short arm of chromosome 11 and it is a hereditary condition passed on to the patient by both parents. The paper reveals that sickle cell disease manifests itself in a range of symptoms, causing patients much pain, damaging organs, and shortening the life span. The paper adds that there are currently no cures for it, only treatment of individual symptoms.

From the Paper
"Sickle cell is a red blood cell that takes an abnormal shape of a sickle and becomes rigid. This condition is referred to as sickle cell disease or sickle-cell anemia. The illness is caused by a genetic mutation in the short arm of chromosome 11. It is a hereditary condition passed on to the patient by both parents. Sickle cell disease manifests itself in a range of symptoms, causing patients much pain, damaging organs, and shortening the life span. There are currently no cures for it, only treatment of individual symptoms. Normal red blood cells look like doughnuts without holes and are elastic,..."

Tags:sickle, cell, disease

Abstract
This paper examines GM's hydrogen fuel cell strategy for its alternative fuel efforts. the paper asserts that while GM's fuel cell strategy for hydrogen is a laudable effort, its AUTOnomy fuel cell technology is somewhat different from the strategies and design architecture taken by some of its competitors. The paper discusses how some of the company's more prominent competitors have opted for all electric vehicles, gas-electric hybrids as well as hydrogen fuel cell technology such as Honda's in-house design. The paper posits that considering GM's current financial difficulties, the firm may find it impossible to commit substantial funds to continue developing its hydrogen fuel cell technology until it stabilizes its revenue structure, yet, the firm can also not afford to ignore this technology and alternative fuel strategy either. Therefore, the recommendation of the paper is that GM close or sell-off some of its brands and focus on partnering with other automotive manufacturers such as Honda in order to develop a network of hydrogen fuelling stations that would support the technology in practice.

From the Paper
"This document examines GM's hydrogen fuel cell strategy for its alternative fuel efforts. While GM's fuel cell strategy for hydrogen is a laudable effort, its AUTOnomy fuel cell technology is somewhat different from the strategies and design architecture taken by some of its competitors. Some of the company's more prominent competitors have opted for all electric vehicles, gas-electric hybrids as well as hydrogen fuel cell technology such as Honda's in-house design. Considering GM's current financial difficulties, the firm may find it impossible to commit..."

Tags:fuel, cell, technology

Abstract
The paper discusses embryonic stem cell research and states that the advancements in genetic engineering and genomic science are on the verge of creating a revolutionary change in our approach to treating diseases. The paper also relates that stem cell research, in particular, has created new hopes for innumerable number of people suffering from organ failure. Stem cell research has opened new vistas in the field of medicine as tissue regeneration promises new hope for millions of people who suffer from organ failure due to a variety of diseases. The paper then warns that there are some ethical and moral issues surrounding stem cell research that threaten to impede further progress in the field. The paper analyzes these and other related developments.

Outline:
Introduction
Ethical Controversies
Legal Issues
Adult Stem Cells
Umbilical Cord Stem cells
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Compared to the controversies surrounding the embryonic stem cell research, umbilical cord stem cells hold no ethical or moral dilemma. Since there is no foetus or embryo involved in the process, and the very fact that the placenta is usually a biological waste, the case for cord stem cell research is very encouraging and without any controversies. Thus far, it was believed that stem cells derived from umbilical cord, being very few in number, could hardly be used in lieu of bone marrow transplant for adults. However, an interesting characteristic of cord stem cells is that they can proliferate rapidly unlike adult stem cells. Furthermore, immunological rejection is much less severe in the case of cord blood transplantation compared with Peripheral blood stem cell transplant or bone marrow transplant."

Tags:embryonic, stem, cell, research, ethical, moral, codes, bone, marrow, transplant

Abstract
The paper relates that stem cells can develop into many different cell types and can act as a repair system for the body since they replenish other cells. The paper explains that stem cells are unspecialized cells that can renew themselves through cell division and they can become cells with specialized functions such as cells which produce insulin in the pancreas or cells of the heart muscle. The paper explains that stem cells therefore "could be the building blocks leading to the regeneration of tissue for damaged and malfunctioning organs" (Health Link 1).

From the Paper
"Stem cells can develop into many different cell types and can act as a repair system for the body since they replenish other cells. Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can renew themselves through cell division. Stem cells can become cells with specialized functions such as cells which produce insulin in the pancreas or cells of the heart muscle. Stem cells therefore "could be the building blocks leading to the regeneration of tissue for damaged and malfunctioning organs" (Health Link 1). Stem cell research is leading to entirely new advances in medicine and therapy. As a result of stem cell research, it is possible to improve the quality of..."

Tags:stem, cell, research

Abstract
This essay is intended to persuade the reader not to use cell phones while driving. In this article the writer examines the dangers of cell phones. In particular, the writer concentrates on the use of the cell phones that apply while driving. The writer uses this paper to urge the reader not to use such cell phones while driving.

From the Paper
"Curtis Sathre said it was like a bomb going off. His young son Michael, stood stunned, his ears ringing, hand gushing blood and body covered in black ash. In a split second, fragments from Michael's exploding cell phone had hit him between the eyes and lodged in the ceiling of the family's home. Michael is still alive. Imagine what would have happened if he had been driving. The purpose is to persuade ..."

Tags:cell phone, driving, danger, exploding, radiation, distraction