Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the process of reconciliation following civil or global conflict is beset on all sides by difficulties, relating to the prospects of maintaining precarious ceasefire agreements, to the need for the doling out of resources and assistance necessary to restore order and to the demand for some actionable form of punitive justice. The writer then looks at the Marshall Plan, which clearly delineates the responsibilities imposed upon the parties responsible for dismantling a global threat and ending a conflict there within. The examines the application of the Marshall Plan to a number of crises and concludes with a look at its relevance to the crisis in Darfur and the US role there.

From the Paper
"Here, a fundamentally and physically divided Germany would emerge from the ruins of the second World War. One half would be shaped in the image of its Western conquerors while the other would take on the mantle as one of Soviet Russia's most prized creations. As one half of Nazi Germany, which would be the seat of World War II and the Holocaust, East Germany's 20th century history is stained by the active participation of its leadership and populace in the instigation of worldwide carnage and the mass murder of millions of European Jews in its concentration camps. Thus, its subsequent Soviet occupation would oversee a bleak humanitarian scenario. By clear contrast, the American occupied West Germany would become a model for democratic reconstruction, ultimately serving as a template for global conflict management, both for better and for worse.
"The end of WWII would also be a pivotal time for the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union, producing a ripple effect. Former partners in the defeat of Germany, they would now begin a struggle at defining the future of the Germany, Europe and, indeed, the world."

Tags:force, ceasefire, agreements, global, threat

Abstract
This paper is broken into two distinct segments. The first segment is a literature review on material covering crime prevention. The literature review is further segmented regarding first the practice of prevention employed by police, and secondly the overall effectiveness of crime prevention. The police are involved in many facets of crime prevention. They cooperate with other parts of the criminal justice system and specific groups in society. The second segment of this paper is an analysis of a few, out of many, crime prevention initiatives in which police are directly involved. These prevention initiatives are Operation: Ceasefire, D.A.R.E., and the Citizen Corps. In the United States, there are billions of dollars spent every year in an effort to prevent crime. Many programs are worth the cost, some are probably not.

Outline:
Abstract
Primary and Secondary Prevention
Practice of Prevention
Effectiveness of Prevention
Boston Gun Project
D.A.R.E.
Citizen Corps

From the Paper
"Most methods of crime prevention fall into one of two categories, either primary or secondary prevention. Primary prevention methods focus attention on "physical and social environment[s] that provide opportunities for or precipitate criminal acts" (Brantingham and Faust, 1976). Secondary prevention focuses on "early identification of potential offenders and seeks to intervene" (Brantingham and Faust, 1976). Some prevention efforts seem to fall under both categories. The difference between the two types of prevention is discovered by their purpose. Primary prevention seeks to avert scenarios that could lead to crime; secondary prevention seeks to remove the scenario already in place that advocates crime (Lab, 2007). A neighborhood watch program could be created to prevent increased burglaries (primary), or a neighborhood watch program could be created as a response to the high rate of burglaries already occurring (secondary). "

Tags:criminal, justice, DARE, Citizen, Corps

Abstract
This paper explores the origins of the Basque nationalist separatist organization, Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA), and the purpose of its formation. It looks at how ETA has evolved since its foundation in 1959 and investigates the changes that have taken place within the organization itself. The paper also examines ETA's motives and its methods, and what it represents in the minds of the Basque and Spanish people alike. Lastly, the paper discusses how ETA and its actions have affected the Basque Country, Spain, and the rest of the world. The paper concludes that the most significant possible affect of ETA on Basque nationalism is the maintenance of the current ceasefire, which could change the course of the Basque nationalist movement forever.

From the Paper
"The struggle for an autonomous Euskadi (Basque Country) pre-dates the Franco era, with its emergence being in the 1870s. 'The incorporation of Euskadi into Spain under the hegemony of the province of Castile and the loss of the fueros led to the first manifestations of Basque nationalism.' These "fueros" were rights or privileges of the Basques, which granted them a certain amount of municipal military and fiscal autonomy. At the end of the Second Carlist War in 1876 the government abolished the "fueros" of the provinces of Guipuzcoa, Biscay and Alava as punishment for their support of the Carlist rebellion. This abolition, on top of the rapid industrialisation of the region that caused, much to the displeasure of the working-class, and influx of thousands of maketos (a derogatory term used by the nationalists to describe workers from other parts of Spain), was to mark the beginning of Basque nationalism and prompted the establishment of the PNV (Partido Nacionalista Vasco, Basque Nationalist Party) by Sabino de Arana y Goiri in 1895. The party was founded as a Catholic conservative party canvassing for the restoration of self-government. The slogan used by the PNV around the time of its establishment was "God and the Old Laws", referring to the PNV's defence of both Catholicism and of Basque autonomy through the fueros. Arana himself was an intellectual and a political theorist who left a significant legacy for the Basque people. Essentially, he wanted to return to a pre-industrialised Basque Country. It was he who promoted many of the mythologies of Basque history, while advocating a clearly exclusionist and even racist attitude towards immigrants. Aranismo is the extreme version of Basque nationalism, and it is important to remember during this discussion that the Basque nationalist movement is a multi-faceted one, with many internal disagreements. The PNV represented a compromise between the radical Aranistas and moderate nationalists, an organisation in which all nationalists could feel at home, and this was perhaps Arana's greatest legacy of all."

Tags:autonomy, independence, revolt, Spain, uprising

Abstract
The paper reminds us that the African continent is one of the most volatile regions in the world. Sudan is currently the focus of attention in the international community. From the perspective of the general peace process, the paper confirms that progress has been made in all areas. The United Nations played a significant part in moderating the talks through its UNMIS monitors and ensuring the implementation of the provisions agreed upon in the Comprehensive Peace Agreement signed in 2005. The paper notes that the government in Khartoum is forced by international donors and through economic sanctions to comply with the rules and decisions taken at the negotiation table in respect to the North South conflict. The paper underlines the major breakthroughs achieved since the 1993 establishment of the Intergovernmental Authority for Development.

Outline:
Introduction
Historical Background of the North South Conflict
Peace talks
Protocol.
Darfur
Conclusion

From the Paper
"This is due to the continuous struggles for reaching a positive agreement between the conflicting parties in the country, as well as the failure to establish a comprehensive means to respecting and implementing the already agreed upon ceasefires, protocols, and agreements. At the same time though, the lack of efficiency in the actions undergone is also the result of the complexity of the issues under discussion, taking into account the dimension of the conflicts present in Sudan. In this sense, on the one hand, there is the unsolved conflict between the North and the South of the country, and, on the other hand, there is the escalating humanitarian and security crisis in the Western part of the state, in Darfur. From this perspective, any possible peace agreement must take into account both levels of conflict and deal with them in terms of local solutions as well as a national one."

Tags:ceasefires, protocols, agreements, fragile, security, situation

Abstract
This paper explains the puzzling life of Egyptian Ashraf Marwan, son-in-law of Gamal Abdel Nasser and confident of Anwar Sadat, who was also an agent of the Israeli Mossad. Next, the author explores in detail the reigns of Nasser and Sadat, the government of Israel during this period, the Six Day War of 1967, the Yom Kippur War and the Truce between Israel and Egypt. The paper concludes that, although Palestinians and Israelis have far from common interests, they could live together in peace by each accepting the other's system and solutions in favor of a truce as in the days of Sadat and Marwan.

Sources are in the footnotes.

Table of Contents:
"A Name, What's in a Name?"
The Ravensburger Jigsaw Puzzle
Yom Kippur. Erare Umanum Est. Perseverare Diabolicum. (Mistake is Human, Repeating It Is Evil)
Yom Kippur. Legacies. Gifts. New Issues and Fairytales.
Resignation
Modest Origins. Great Carrier Plans. Everything for the Country and the Arab Unity.
The 1952 Revolution and the Rise of Gamal Abdel Nasser
Arab-Israeli Conflicts
The Six Day War of 1967
The Years through 1973
The Next President. Expectations and Fulfillment at Home and Abroad
Political Legacy
Relationship with the People
Relationship with the Media
Relationship with the Cabinet Members
Relationship with his Family
People's View of Sadat until 1973
Relations with Arab leaders, the US and the Soviets
Sending Home 1,500 Soviet Advisors
Bellicose Statements and Peace Treaties with Israel
Leadership Style
Comparison to Nasser
Yom Kippur. Sadat, Marwan and Loose Ends
SIGINT, HUMINT, a Whole Universe of INT-Elligence. Unknown Soldiers on their Own
Peace at Last. But for How Long?
Introduction (Chapter Summary)
Discussions after Yom Kippur
Intermediaries, Mediators and the Role of the United States
The Stand of the Soviet Union
The Stand of the Arabs
The Surprise Visit to Israel
Sadat's Speech
The Signing of the Peace Treaty
"Death Comes as the End" (Agatha Christie)
Epilogue.

From the Paper
"With the end of the revolution and the overthrowing of the king, control of the Egyptian state was taken by General Neguib, the main leader of the revolution. According to Haikal, Nasser let someone else officially take the leadership due to his modesty and the fact that his ambitions were far from being in he spot lights. This is, of course, the slightly romanticized version of the historic figure. There are probably different explanations for his decision not to step up yet that are much more likely to have something in common with the practical and also tactical considerations on Nasser's part. The general however lacked the qualities of a good leader and resigned from his Prime Minister function two years later. The position was then assumed by Nasser, who, in 1956, became the President of Egypt. From that point on, Nasser started a political career as a controversial Arab leader, the father of a young republic as the form of government for an independent Egypt and also the founder of the United Arab Republic, which had however a short-lived existence.
"Nasser began his carrier in politics once the group of the Free Officers was created, in 1949. He was the author and the leader of the group which enjoyed an open minded leading style since the group decisions were always taken after strong debates at the leadership level."

Tags:businessman, missions, credibility, leadership, ceasefire

Abstract
This report focuses on the African nation of Angola and some possible financial solutions to the constant health care threat from AIDS. The paper looks at how Angola's opportunity for social and economic development is contingent upon the need to, first, focus on the AIDS crisis there, its prevention, its care, and its treatment.

From the Paper
"The situation in Angola is critical according to the United Nations. ?It said that in addition to the problems caused by recent displacement, the country faced a structural emergency that was characterized by a breakdown in social services that jeopardized the health and education of vulnerable groups, particularly children.? (Weekly Round Up) Although the Angolan war and a lack of mobility continues to help the nation avert the AIDS epidemic other African populations are facing. However, because of the fact that the Sub-Saharan Africa's leading cause of death is HIV/AIDS, a sound educational program should be instituted as soon as possible to help educate the nation's people just how serious the problem they are facing really is. Some recent studies have shown that approximately eight percent of Angolans are already HIV positive."

Tags:civil, war, botswana, trade, migration, travel, spread, ceasefire, humanitarian, efforts