Abstract
This paper discusses the problems of ideology faced by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in the post-Reform era in terms of the irrelevance of Chinese communism/ideology in an advancing capitalist society. The writer discusses 1990s predictions by the late Gordon White, Daniel Lynch and Feng Chen, showing how all point to similar conclusions. The paper also shows how ideology and intellectual work, in which the public takes little interest, are held up as a CCP contribution justifying Party government, and describes the lack of ideology in a period of rapid capitalist change.

From the Paper
"Daniel Lynch reviewed the nature of thought-work in the People's Republic of China (PRC) at the end of the 20th century and explained the failure of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to regain control over thought-work or to build the long promised socialist-spiritual civilization for which the Chinese masses were instructed to be patient, for so very long. Society and culture in the PRC have changed radically since the rise of Chinese capitalism in relation to the forces of Globalization."

Tags:china, 1978, ccp, ideology

Abstract
This paper discusses the legacies of the paths to power. The author finds that these paths affected nearly every facet of the PRC's politics. The paper reports that many continuities linked the pre-1949 era with post-1949 developments.

Abstract
The paper discusses how the fall of Kuomintang and the rise of the CCP created a new intellectual movement that embraced and rejected Western culture at the same time, and also allowed for a period of exceptional economic growth that China now needs to exceed, or at the very least maintain. The paper asserts that China is clearly in competition with the United States for the position of economic superpower. The paper argues that in many ways, China is far more prepared to lead the world as an economic superpower than the United States.

From the Paper
"The civil war between the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party divided China into mainland China and Taiwan. Without this civil war the economic growth of China as we see it today would not be as global as it is. The new Intellectual movement of pre-civil war China put an end to traditional Confucian thought and brought into China Western capitalist thinking. The attraction of Communism to the Chinese allowed the people to focus on economic growth while the authoritarian government took care of..."

Tags:chinese, identity, ccp

Abstract
The paper discusses how the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), under its leader Mao Zedong, took control of China in 1949. The paper describes how, within a year, it had consolidated its control, and it continued to maintain control during the Maoist Era (1949-1976). The paper further discusses how, to maintain control, the CCP use a variety of methods. The paper analyzes their political methods of control, including emphasizing campaigns, role models and the bandwagon effect; and their ideological methods, including a heavy emphasis on community ideology and class theory. All of this was underpinned by massive use of brute force.

Tags:mao, ccp, china

Abstract
This paper discusses the Chinese Communist Party's (CCP) policy toward women in the 1920s and 1930s and how it evolved over time. The paper specifically discusses the Provisional Constitution of 1931, which was the first document to outline the CCP policy towards women, the Marriage Regulations of 1931, the Marriage Law of April 8th 1934, and CCP policy towards women relating to economic production, as well as why and how these policies were implemented. The paper also looks at how, in spite of the CCP's commitment to pushing forward a radical program for women which would ensure their equality, attention to marriage and land reform regulations was neglected or subordinated to the main task of the military and revolutionary struggle of the Soviets.

From the Paper
"The Marriage Law of April 8th 1934 abolished the regulations of 1931 and differed quite strikingly. For example, instead of the man having to support the woman in cases of divorce like in the Regulations, the marriage law stated that only if a woman lacked the capacity to work or did not have a definite occupation was the man to support her and if the man lacked that capacity then the provision would not occur. Notions surrounding motherhood and parenting seemed to have changed during the three years between these pieces of legislation, in that the woman now, unless she stipulated otherwise was obliged to raise the children. This probably arose out of the need of the CCP who needed men to join the Red Army and so could not have men in the soviets tied down with the responsibility of bringing up children. "

Tags:land, reform, soviet, marriage

Abstract
This paper discusses three articles addressing the problems faced by CCP ideologists and intellectuals in response to the Reform era. All three, in different ways, point out how the CCP is an anachronism to high-capitalist development, the Party's intellectuals justifying their role in a new Chinese society more interested in consumer goods and earning than 'building socialism' or making China 'great' or reforming its decadent society.

From the Paper
"A 1999 article by Daniel C. Lynch outlined some of the problems of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) at the turn of the 21st century to do with matters of ideology and what should guide the People's Republic of China (PRC). Slogans to do with a socialist or just social and spiritual civilization have been frequent. The CCP tries to justify its place in the PRC of the present by appealing to themes of ideology that do not keep pace with the capitalist society that has taken form. The CCP's intellectuals want to say they have authority when, in fact, they cannot...."

Tags:lynch, gordon white, feng chen

Abstract
The modern Chinese history under Mao Zedong is often perceived as a one-dimensional, iron-fisted rule by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) led by Mao. The truth, of course, is not so simple or one-dimensional. It is true that Mao was a larger-than-life figure who was raised to a godlike status through the personality cult built around him. The paper points out that, at the same time, Mao was an incorrigible revolutionary, which in itself ensured that there would never be a dull moment as long as he was in power. Although defying Mao's thoughts in China was a hazardous occupation while he lived, differences of opinion and expression of alternate visions within the CCP about how the country should be governed were not totally absent, even during Mao?s lifetime. This paper examines some of the major policy campaigns launched by the CCP during 1949-1980, the difference of opinion or alternate visions expressed by a few, and the consequences they had to face.

From the Paper
"In order to understand the dynamics of Communist China, it is worthwhile to briefly examine the background of the Communist movement and see how it came to China. China was a formerly great continental empire ruled by a weakened monarchy in the early part of the 20th century. A republican revolution in 1911 brought an end to the monarchic rule but the country remained beset with internal troubles and foreign interference. Japan, with its imperialist ambitions, sought to make China its protectorate, while local warlords in the country all but made a central government, irrelevant. China entered the World War I on the side of the Allies, hoping to halt the Japanese ambitions on its territory, but was badly let down at the Treaty of Versailles. In such a political environment, a group of Chinese intellectuals inspired by the October 1917 Communist revolution in Russia, formed the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1921. Initially, the Communists joined the Kuomintang nationalists (KMT) who led a fight against the warlords to reunify the country."

Tags:occupation, power, revolutionary

Abstract
The paper looks at the ideas of Daniel C. Lynch in his article "Dilemmas of Thought Work in Fin de Siecle China", Gordon White in "Riding the Tiger" and Feng Chen in "Rebuilding the Party's Normative Authority." The paper discusses how these writers show that those who anticipated capitalism as the bringer of democracy did not understand the largely administrative but also intellectual role played by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) as well as the low expectations of the Chinese regarding the CCP. The paper explains how all three articles show signs of the CCP attempting to show its sovereignty, but is challenged by ordinary Chinese indifference.

Outline:
Introduction
Daniel C. Lynch
Gordon White
Feng Chen
Analysis and Conclusion

From the Paper
"Daniel Lynch reviewed the nature of thought-work in the People's Republic of China (PRC) at the end of the 20th century and explained the failure of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to regain control over thought-work or to build the long promised socialist-spiritual civilization for which the Chinese masses were instructed to be patient, for so very long. Society and culture in the PRC have changed radically since the rise of Chinese capitalism in relation to the forces of Globalization. Gordon White wrote on ideological decay as one price of the Reform Era's economic and social changes, what seemed a mere shift to a mixed economy in 1978 taking on all sorts of mammoth changes through the later 1980s and 1990s to make much CCP ideology irrelevant. Feng Chen referred to the CCP as an institution that was under renovation and which described itself as the proper normative authority. However, as all three agree, the role of the CCP and Beijing has been more and more concerned with ordinary administration and laws and policies serving the all-important business sector."

Tags:capitalism, socialism, government, ideology, poor, indifference

Abstract
This paper explains that, until the 1970s, sinologists and others studied the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) media for clues as to what might be occurring in Mainland China of which there was much conjecture. The author compares the reports from two 1960 CCP media releases, which were prepared for the national Chinese audience by the People's Republic of China (PRC), with what is now known about the terrible Communist planning error in the agricultural sector during the late 1950s and early 1960s. The paper concludes that all media materials from Beijing were expected to be propaganda; therefore, the Chinese public became adept at discerning what really might be happening. The author stresses that this reflective habit is still practiced in the PRC, despite much liberalization of the mass media.

Table of Contents
Introduction
'Go to the First Line of Agriculture!'
'Advance Payment of Wages Every Month Stimulates Enthusiasm of the CCP'
Mao's Famine
Concluding Discussion

From the Paper
"The article seems to fit with a great deal that appeared through the month of September 1960 to do with agricultural gains, work still to be done, the potential for China to become a kind of agrarian paradise, and general applause for the rural laborer. In the article discussed, rural toil is said to be very good for cadres who may still be bureaucrats or people otherwise not yet exposed to the soil. Readers in the cities, or for that matter in Hong Kong or Taiwan or wherever else refugees from the Communist state had fled, had reason to wonder what was meant by the "transfer of large numbers of cadres ..."

Tags:reflective, mao, collective, censorship, planners

Abstract
This paper focuses on Chinese leader Mao Zedong, asserting that he unquestionably had one of the most striking personalities in history. The paper notes that Mao managed to take control of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1935, established the Peoples' Republic of China in 1949, and ruled the most populous nation in the world with an iron fist until his death in 1976. Yet he came from commonplace beginnings. How are we to explain this? This essay examines this question from the point of view of Freudian psychoanalytic theory.

From the Paper
"Love him or hate him, Mao Zedong unquestionably had one of the most striking personalities in history. He managed to take control of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1935, established the Peoples' Republic of China in 1949, and ruled the most populous nation in the world with an iron fist until his death in 1976. Yet he came from commonplace beginnings. How are we to explain this? This essay examines this question from the point of view of Freudian psychoanalytic theory. One of the first things that strikes one when analyzing Mao is the ..."

Tags:people, republic, China, dictator, theory