Abstract
The paper first outlines David Hume's argument against a "power or necessary connection" between cause and effect. The writer then explains Hume's account of the relationship between cause and effect. The paper also addresses G.J. Warnock's objection to Hume's account of causation, and concludes that in light of Warnock's objection, Hume's account of causation seems fundamentally incorrect.

From the Paper
"Hume begins his argument by making a distinction between impressions and ideas. For Hume, impressions are immediate perceptions, either from sensation or reflection, while ideas are best thought of as faint copies of perceptions - "the less lively perceptions of which we are conscious when we reflect on [impressions]" (An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, p. 634). Even our most complex ideas are composed only of combinations of simple ideas. The concept of an infinitely good and wise God, for example, only "arises from reflecting on the operations of our own mind and augmenting, without limit, those qualities of goodness and wisdom" (E., p. 634). These simple ideas are not innate, and as such, are limited by experience, just as "a blind man can form no notion of colors, a deaf man of sounds" (E., p. 634). Thus, we can form no idea of cause and effect. To have an idea would require an initial impression of the actual connection or power between two bodies, which does not occur."

Tags:fundamental, reflection, wisdom, knowledge, learning

Abstract
This paper examines fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). It discusses the causal relationship between alcohol and FAS and the effects of FAS on the child. The paper discusses three criteria of effects - growth deficiency, clustered anomalies, and damage to the central nervous system. Finally, the paper looks at the economic costs of FAS and the moves to prevent its occurrence.

From the Paper
"In the three decades since Jones and Smith named a cluster of anomalies as a syndrome, the presence of fetal alcohol syndrome has shaped legislation, redefined public policy, and generated millions of dollars in research and study. And still, it remains a condition that is at once very hidden from view and very public. Hidden are the social and cultural variables that are at the root of FAS, the attitudes towards alcohol and the female body that continue to be hedged always in ambiguities and hypocrisies. FAS is preventable, and yet we as a culture seem unwilling to take the necessary steps to eradicate it once and for all. And the reminders of this failure, both personal and collective, is evident in the faces of those who suffer the affects of their mother's drinking, those who remain forever the public face of a syndrome that we have the power to control."

Tags:FASD, growth, anomalies, alcoholism

Abstract
This paper provides a discussion of the different ways that TV viewing negatively impacts study habits. From lowering retention skills to undermine reading development, research supports this cause-and-effect relationship. The paper also recommends several strategies for parents and educators to offset the negative impact associated with TV viewing and the development of sound study habits.

From the Paper
"A study by the Kaiser Family Foundation found that approximately ... percent of seventh-to-twelfth-graders reported multi-tasking, watching TV, listening to music, surfing the Web and chatting online some or most of the time while doing homework. (Ghassemi HE) As academic performance among American public school students continues to decline, many researchers believe that excessive TV viewing has a negative impact on study habits. This report will investigate this cause-and-effect contention. There are numerous reports in the professional literature..."

Tags:educational, informational, academic performance, high school students, media, reading ability, TV

Abstract
This paper explains the challenges to the assumption made by a British doctor in a reputed journal that states that there is an association between administration of MMR vaccine and development of autism. Next, the author highlights the extensive debate between parents and highly qualified medical authorities questioning if Dr. Andrew Wakefield's reasoning is correct. The paper concludes that a cause-and-effect relationship has not been established between the occurrence of autism symptoms and inoculation with the MMR vaccine; however, epidemiological studies have proven to be inadequate in giving a complete answer.

From the Paper
"This particular study compared the rate of occurrence of autism in 96,000 unvaccinated children with the incidence of autism in 440,655 MMR vaccinated children. Their observation was that the rate of incidence of autism was in fact, somewhat higher in unvaccinated children than in MMR vaccinated children. Another case-control study carried out in Atlanta, Georgia, in February 2004, found no evidence of a link between MMR vaccine and autism with enteropathy. Another study conducted by CDC and NIH's 'National Institute of Child Health and Human Development' or NICHD during April 2006 studied data from thirty-one "typically developing children" and 351 children with a cluster of symptoms resembling autism."

Tags:regression, immune system, media coverage, fatally flawed, temporal relationship

Abstract
This paper discusses that experts on spousal abuse believe that in such marriages, the relationship begins as a loving relationship but gradually the definition of "love" is distorted and includes emotions of jealousy and suspicion. The paper reviews research which shows that arrest is the most effective intervention and that police officers are more likely to make these arrests when their police department has clear guidelines.

From the Paper
"Recognizing the problem, law enforcement agencies have researched what the most effective responses are to domestic abuse calls. Nancy Egan of the John Jay College of Criminal Justice put together an annotated bibliography of research regarding best police practices for domestic violence calls. She described three types of responses. The first is "mediative." where the police do not arrest anyone, but attempt to act as peacemakers, staying at the site until the situation calms down and the reported offender is no longer acting angrily."

Tags:marriages, relationship, loving, emotions, jealousy, suspicion, arrest, intervention, police, guidelines

Abstract
This essay describes key components of the immune system and how the body uses this system. Also discussed is the cause and effect relationship between stress, the immune system, and certain diseases. Articles listed in the bibliography of this paper are also appended.

From the Paper
"How quickly a deceased human (or animal) body breaks down is testament to how well the immune system works. While a body is alive, the immune system protects the body at every living moment from bacteria and other foreign invaders. The immune system is a complex system of cells "which have varying functions" and generated at discreet regions of the body, a circulatory system?the lymphatic system--that feeds of and into the blood circulatory system and lymph nodes that act as effective filters and stores of foreign bodies marked for destruction by antibody action. Most of the time, the immune system protects the body. But on rare occasions we might need outside help: this is when he system does not "figure out" the invasion and the body has to be coaxed into producing antibodies by inoculation with weaker forms of the pathogen. In the case of HIV and AIDS, the body has not been able to create an effective defense, thus these immune deficiency disorders have become the scourge of the last few decades. This essay will not only describe key component of the immune system and how a body uses this system, but will also explore the cause and effect relationship between stress, the immune system and certain diseases."

Tags:lymph, system, langerhans, cells, melanocytes, bacteria, depression, chronic, diabetes, asthma

Abstract
This paper is a brief essay regarding the challenges that a young person from Iran faces in a new world and culture. The essay outlines some of the challenges faced and also explores the individual's view on giving back to the community. The paper concludes that there is a "cause-and-effect" relationship between healthy community role models and a healthy community.

From the Paper
"Being a student from Iran and trying to gain a diploma in a new land presents many challenges. The following brief paper will outline the challenges that any young student placed in such a circumstance must confront. The paper will also examine communal responsibility and how a young person can give back to his or her community and make that community a better place for everyone. In particular, this paper will look at the "cause-and-effect" relationship of being a positive role model to young people. "

Tags:challenges, culture, responsibility

Abstract
This paper relates that Marvin Harris, in his essay on 'Pig Lovers and Pig Haters' from "Cows, Pigs, Wars and Witches", believes that it is because of different environmental demands that Judaism and Islam came to hate pigs as being unclean, while the Maring are fanatic pig lovers. In the essay "Mother Cow", Harris contends that cows became holy in India because of their value as breeders of oxen. The paper concludes that, though environment cannot be ignored, Harris' cause-and-effect relationships of culture and environment in producing food taboos at times seem too facile.

From the Paper
"The question remains: why single out the pig? Rejecting after entertaining largely cultural explanations, such as the idea that perhaps pigs were the favored diet of rival clans of the ancient Near Eastern tribes, Harris argues that eschewing pork is really a sound ecological strategy that was the result to the need to support a herding economy. Israelites could not raise pigs in their arid habitat; their resources were better suited to herding cattle and the other cloven-hoof animals allowed for consumption under Mosaic Law, while the pig was ill-adapted to the heat".

Tags:prohibition, irrational practice, pig consumption, judaism hindus

Abstract
The paper explains that although dance does not directly cause arthritis, improper techniques in dance can cause injuries that result in arthritis. The paper relates, however, that dance can also serve as a means of physical therapy for arthritic sufferers by increasing their range of motion, muscle strength and overall physical and mental health. More specifically, the paper discusses the relationship of dance at a young age to the development of arthritis as well as dance's therapeutic effect on arthritic sufferers.

From the Paper
"Many dancers experience aches and pains though out their dancing careers. Despite the cause of the pain, many find it commonplace, and therefore ignore it. Others choose pain-dulling drugs to overcome the pain. However, pain and "discomfort should not be considered a normal result of dancing. If an ache or pain recurs after a few hours of rest or a good night's sleep, it must be confronted and the source examined." (Horosco, Cures and Myths about Arthritis 108) The causes of these pains are too many to number, but one that many do not realize may be linked to arthritis."

Tags:athletes, sport, exercise, injuries, fibrositis, syndrome, osteoarthritis

Abstract
The paper explains that root cause analysis is a step by step technique that focuses on finding the real cause of a problem rather than merely treating the symptoms. The paper shows how root cause analysis is used in medical facilities to analyze failures and set up guidelines and procedures to prevent future problems. The paper relates that root cause analysis can be applied to a wide range of problems, including behavioral problems, procedural problems and relationship problems.

From the Paper
"Root cause analysis can be an effective tool to fix trouble in the workplace and reduce the chances of problems arising in the future. The study of root causes requires a highly defined procedure designed to identify and correct the very origins of a problem. The most common root causes of issues in the healthcare environment are communication, orientation and training, patient assessment processes, staffing levels, information availability, and competency.
"In a society in which litigation is the most common forum for settling disputes, problems will continue to arise since the main focus is on punishment rather than prevention. For this reason, root cause analysis is an important tool for moving forward after a major error has been made in at a medical facility."

Tags:healthcare, litigation, problem, resolution